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      An update on enterovirus 71 infection and interferon type I response

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          Summary

          Enteroviruses are members of Pichornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus group A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious disease which is usually seen in the Asia‐Pacific region in children. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 are two important viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enterovirus. IFN α and β are two cytokines, which have a major activity in the innate immune system against viral infections. Most of the viruses have some weapons against these cytokines. EV71 has two main proteases called 2A and 3C, which are important for polyprotein processing and virus maturation. Several studies have indicated that they have a significant effect on different cellular pathways such as interferon production and signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of 2A and 3C protease of EV71 and IFN production/signaling pathway and their inhibitory effects on this pathway.

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          TLR signaling.

          T Kawai, S Akira (2006)
          The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family plays an instructive role in innate immune responses against microbial pathogens, as well as the subsequent induction of adaptive immune responses. TLRs recognize specific molecular patterns found in a broad range of microbial pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, triggering inflammatory and antiviral responses and dendritic cell maturation, which result in the eradication of invading pathogens. Individual TLRs interact with different combinations of adapter proteins and activate various transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, activating protein-1 and interferon regulatory factors, driving a specific immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in our understanding of TLR-signaling pathways and their roles in immune responses. Further, we also discuss a new concept of TLR-independent mechanisms for recognition of microbial pathogens.
          Article 0 comments Cited 546 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            IL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28R.

            Paul Sheppard, Wayne Kindsvogel, Wenfeng Xu … (2003)
            Cytokines play a critical role in modulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we have identified from the human genomic sequence a family of three cytokines, designated interleukin 28A (IL-28A), IL-28B and IL-29, that are distantly related to type I interferons (IFNs) and the IL-10 family. We found that like type I IFNs, IL-28 and IL-29 were induced by viral infection and showed antiviral activity. However, IL-28 and IL-29 interacted with a heterodimeric class II cytokine receptor that consisted of IL-10 receptor beta (IL-10Rbeta) and an orphan class II receptor chain, designated IL-28Ralpha. This newly described cytokine family may serve as an alternative to type I IFNs in providing immunity to viral infection.
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              Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway.

              Sonia Sharma, Benjamin tenOever, Nathalie Grandvaux … (2003)
              Rapid induction of type I interferon expression, a central event in establishing the innate antiviral response, requires cooperative activation of numerous transcription factors. Although signaling pathways that activate the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB and ATF-2/c-Jun have been well characterized, activation of the interferon regulatory factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 has remained a critical missing link in understanding interferon signaling. We report here that the IkappaB kinase (IKK)-related kinases IKKepsilon and TANK-binding kinase 1 are components of the virus-activated kinase that phosphorylate IRF-3 and IRF-7. These studies illustrate an essential role for an IKK-related kinase pathway in triggering the host antiviral response to viral infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ali Teimoori:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-7757
                teimoori_ali@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Med Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev. Med. Virol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1654
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RMV
                Title: Reviews in Medical Virology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1052-9276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1099-1654
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 October 2018
                Publication date (Print): January 2019
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.1002/rmv.v29.1 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2016
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
                [ 2 ] Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
                [ 3 ] Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Ali Teimoori, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.

                Email: teimoori_ali@ 123456yahoo.com

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-4839
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-9605
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-7757
                Article
                Publisher ID: RMV2016 Other ID: RMV-2018-049.R1
                DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2016
                PMC ID: 7169063
                PubMed ID: 30378208
                SO-VID: 0a77d57c-7593-41e3-885e-8a8b788efe13
                Copyright © © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 23 August 2018
                Date revision received : 01 October 2018
                Date accepted : 02 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 8, Words: 4511
                Funding
                Funded by: Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100005001;
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date January 2019
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:16.04.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: 2a protease,3c protease introduction,enterovirus 71,interferon type i
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: 2a protease, 3c protease introduction, enterovirus 71, interferon type i

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