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      New laboratory predictive tools in deep neck space infections Translated title: Nuovi indicatori biochimici predittivi di infezioni suppurative cervicali

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          SUMMARY

          Introduction

          Deep neck space infections (DNSIs) are a group of infective suppurative diseases involving deep neck spaces and cervical fascia. Necrotising and septic evolutions are rare, but severe complications can dramatically affect the prognosis and should be promptly managed. Clinical examination often has low sensitivity, although instrumental diagnosis may delay te treatment. We investigated two laboratory tools, LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for the Necrotizing fasciitis) and NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio), in the expectation to find a rapidly available predictive indicator that may help in distinguishing necrotising complications and/or systemic septic involvement.

          Methods

          A retrospective observational cohort study was performed on 118 patients who had underwent surgical treatment for DNSIs at our Surgical Unit. LRINEC, NLR and the product LRINEC x NLR were calculated.

          Results

          Statistical analysis showed that these scores may have utility in rapidly predicting the risk of necrotising fasciitis and systemic involvement at an early diagnostic stage.

          Conclusions

          Further studies with a larger cohort may be necessary in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity.

          RIASSUNTO

          Introduzione

          Le infezioni suppurative del collo sono un eterogeneo gruppo di patologie a carico degli spazi profondi del collo e delle fasce cervicali. Al suo interno meritano particolare attenzione le temibili fasciti necrotizzanti, caratterizzate dall’elevato tasso di mortalità e di compromissione settica. Risulta pertanto indispensabile una loro pronta diagnosi e un altrettanto tempestivo trattamento. La semeiologia clinica risulta spesso poco sensibile, mentre l’esame TC comporta un inevitabile ritardo nella presa in carico terapeutica. Abbiamo quindi valutato l’applicabilità di due indicatori basati unicamente su parametri laboratoristici, quindi rapidamente disponibili: LRINEC score e NLR ratio.

          Metodi

          Abbiamo condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 118 pazienti che erano stati sottoposti a drenaggio chirurgico di ascesso cervicale c/o la nostra U.O., calcolando per ciascuno di essi LRINEC, NLR e il loro prodotto di moltiplicazione LRINEC x NLR.

          Risultati

          L’analisi statistica dimostra un loro possibile ruolo nella diagnosi tempestiva delle fasciti necrotizzanti e/o delle loro complicanze settiche.

          Conclusioni

          Ulteriori studi con una maggiore numerosità campionaria potrebbero essere necessari per rafforzare sensibilità e specificità di tali score.

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          Most cited references24

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          The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).

          Definitions of sepsis and septic shock were last revised in 2001. Considerable advances have since been made into the pathobiology (changes in organ function, morphology, cell biology, biochemistry, immunology, and circulation), management, and epidemiology of sepsis, suggesting the need for reexamination.
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            The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections.

            Early operative debridement is a major determinant of outcome in necrotizing fasciitis. However, early recognition is difficult clinically. We aimed to develop a novel diagnostic scoring system for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections based on laboratory tests routinely performed for the evaluation of severe soft tissue infections: the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score. Retrospective observational study of patients divided into a developmental cohort (n = 314) and validation cohort (n = 140) Two teaching tertiary care hospitals. One hundred forty-five patients with necrotizing fasciitis and 309 patients with severe cellulitis or abscesses admitted to the participating hospitals. None. The developmental cohort consisted of 89 consecutive patients admitted for necrotizing fasciitis. Control patients (n = 225) were randomly selected from patients admitted with severe cellulitis or abscesses during the same period. Hematologic and biochemical results done on admission were converted into categorical variables for analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to select significant predictors. Total white cell count, hemoglobin, sodium, glucose, serum creatinine, and C-reactive protein were selected. The LRINEC score was constructed by converting into integer the regression coefficients of independently predictive factors in the multiple logistic regression model for diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis. The cutoff value for the LRINEC score was 6 points with a positive predictive value of 92.0% and negative predictive value of 96.0%. Model performance was very good (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, p =.910); area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.980 and 0.976 in the developmental and validation cohorts, respectively. The LRINEC score is a robust score capable of detecting even clinically early cases of necrotizing fasciitis. The variables used are routinely measured to assess severe soft tissue infections. Patients with a LRINEC score of > or = 6 should be carefully evaluated for the presence of necrotizing fasciitis.
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              Necrotizing soft-tissue infection: diagnosis and management.

              Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) are highly lethal. They are frequent enough that general and specialty physicians will likely have to be involved with the management of at least 1 patient with NSTI during their practice, but they are infrequent enough that familiarity with the disease will seldom be achieved. Establishing the diagnosis of NSTI can be the main challenge in treating patients with NSTI, and knowledge of all available tools is key for early and accurate diagnosis. The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis score can be helpful for distinguishing between cases of cellulitis, which should respond to medical management alone, and NSTI, which requires operative debridement in addition to antimicrobial therapy. Imaging studies are less helpful. The mainstay of treatment is early and complete surgical debridement, combined with antimicrobial therapy, close monitoring, and physiologic support. Novel therapeutic strategies, including hyperbaric oxygen and intravenous immunoglobulin, have been described, but their effect is controversial. Identification of patients at high risk of mortality is essential for selection of patients that may benefit from future novel treatments and for development and comparison of future trials.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                AOI
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore Srl
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                October 2020
                : 40
                : 5
                : 332-337
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari , Italy
                [2 ] Section of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” , Bari, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence Paolo Greco Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy Tel. +39 080 5593524 E-mail: pao3greco@ 123456hotmail.it

                Funding

                None.

                Conflict of interest

                The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                10.14639/0392-100X-N0790
                7726647
                33299222
                0c7be1ea-3222-4828-b72e-b4e81ab425c8
                Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC-BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International) license. The article can be used by giving appropriate credit and mentioning the license, but only for non-commercial purposes and only in the original version. For further information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en

                History
                : 09 April 2020
                : 20 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Review

                Otolaryngology
                lrinec,nlr,necrotizing fasciitis,sepsis,neck,fasciti necrotizzanti,sepsi,cervicali
                Otolaryngology
                lrinec, nlr, necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, neck, fasciti necrotizzanti, sepsi, cervicali

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