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      Detection of Anthocyanins/Anthocyanidins in Animal Tissues

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          Abstract

          Dietary polyphenols may contribute to the prevention of several degenerative diseases, including cancer. Anthocyanins have been shown to possess potential anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to determine anthocyanin bioavailability in lung tissue of mice fed a blueberry diet (5% w/w) for 10 days or a bolus dose (10 mg/mouse; po) of a native mixture of bilberry anthocyanidins. All five anthocyanidins present in the blueberry were detected in the lung tissue using improved methods. The effect of various solvents on the stability of anthocyanins and their recovery from the biomatrix was analyzed. Detection of anthocyanins and their metabolites was performed by UPLC and LC-MS. Although anthocyanins were not detected, cyanidin was detected by UPLC-PDA and other anthocyanidins were detected by LC-MS, following conversion to anthocyanidins and selective extraction in isoamyl alcohol. The results show that anthocyanins can be detected in lung tissue of blueberry-fed mice and thus are bioavailable beyond the gastrointestinal tract.

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          Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention.

          Shirley Zafra-Stone, Taharat Yasmin, Manashi Bagchi … (2007)
          Edible berries, a potential source of natural anthocyanin antioxidants, have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biomedical functions. These include cardiovascular disorders, advancing age-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and diverse degenerative diseases. Berry anthocyanins also improve neuronal and cognitive brain functions, ocular health as well as protect genomic DNA integrity. This chapter demonstrates the beneficial effects of wild blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seeds, and strawberry in human health and disease prevention. Furthermore, this chapter will discuss the pharmacological benefits of a novel combination of selected berry extracts known as OptiBerry, a combination of wild blueberry, wild bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seeds, and strawberry, and its potential benefit over individual berries. Recent studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that OptiBerry exhibits high antioxidant efficacy as shown by its high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values, novel antiangiogenic and antiatherosclerotic activities, and potential cytotoxicity towards Helicobacter pylori, a noxious pathogen responsible for various gastrointestinal disorders including duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, as compared to individual berry extracts. OptiBerry also significantly inhibited basal MCP-1 and inducible NF-kappabeta transcriptions as well as the inflammatory biomarker IL-8, and significantly reduced the ability to form hemangioma and markedly decreased EOMA cell-induced tumor growth in an in vivo model. Overall, berry anthocyanins trigger genetic signaling in promoting human health and disease prevention.
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            Protocatechuic acid is the major human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides.

            Fabio Galvano, Giovanna Donnarumma, Melissa Napolitano … (2007)
            The metabolic fate of dietary anthocyanins (ACN) has not been fully clarified in humans. In all previous studies, the proportion of total ACN absorbed and excreted in urine was <1% intake. This study aimed to elucidate the human metabolism of cyanidin-glucosides (CyG) contained in blood orange juice (BOJ). One liter of BOJ, containing 71 mg CyG, was consumed by 6 healthy, fasting volunteers. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected at baseline and at different times up to 24 h after juice consumption. The content of native CyG, glucuronidated/methylated derivatives, and various phenolic acids was determined by HPLC/MS/MS. The serum maximal concentration of cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) was 1.9 +/- 0.6 nmol/L and that of protocatechuic acid (PCA) was 492 +/- 62 nmol/L at 0.5 h and 2 h after juice consumption, respectively. The calculated total amounts in plasma corresponded for Cy-3-glc to 0.02% and for PCA to 44% of CyG ingested. CyG and glucuronidated/methylated metabolites, but not PCA, were detected in urine. ACN recovered in 24-h urine collections represented approximately 1.2% of the ingested dose. Both CyG (1.90 +/- 0.04 nmol/g) and PCA (277 +/- 0.2 nmol/g) were recovered in 24-h fecal samples. Data explained the metabolic fate of 74% of BOJ ACN. PCA was for the first time, to our knowledge, identified in humans as a CyG metabolite, accounting for almost 73% of ingested CyG. A high concentration of PCA may explain the short-term increased plasma antioxidant activity observed after intake of cyanidin-rich food and it can also contribute to the numerous health benefits attributed to dietary ACN consumption.
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              Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases.

              C Nigro Neto (2007)
              Growing evidence from tissue culture, animal, and clinical models suggests that the flavonoid-rich fruits of the North American cranberry and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) have the potential ability to limit the development and severity of certain cancers and vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases of aging. The fruits contain a variety of phytochemicals that could contribute to these protective effects, including flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins; substituted cinnamic acids and stilbenes; and triterpenoids such as ursolic acid and its esters. Cranberry and blueberry constituents are likely to act by mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress, decrease inflammation, and modulate macromolecular interactions and expression of genes associated with disease processes. The evidence suggests a potential role for dietary cranberry and blueberry in the prevention of cancer and vascular diseases, justifying further research to determine how the bioavailability and metabolism of berry phytonutrients influence their activity in vivo.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Agric Food Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Agric. Food Chem
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jf
                Journal ID (coden): jafcau
                Title: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
                Publisher: American Chemical Society
                ISSN (Print): 0021-8561
                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-5118
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 March 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 March 2014
                Publication date (Print): 07 May 2014
                Volume: 62
                Issue: 18 , 2013 Berry Health Benefits Symposium
                Pages: 3912-3918
                Affiliations
                [1] †James Graham Brown Cancer Center, ‡Department of Medicine, and #Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
                [§ ]Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab, India
                Author notes
                [* ](R.C.G.) Phone: (502) 852-3682. Fax: (502) 852-3842. E-mail: rcgupta@ 123456louisville.edu .
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/jf500467b
                PMC ID: 4334289
                PubMed ID: 24650213
                SO-VID: 12845ea7-5063-4e4a-ba49-7624c828ab86
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
                License:

                This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 13 October 2013
                Date revision received : 15 March 2014
                Date accepted : 21 March 2014
                Funding
                National Institutes of Health, United States
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                document-id-old-9 jf500467b
                document-id-new-14 jf-2014-00467b
                ccc-price

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Food science & Technology
                Keywords: anthocyanins,anthocyanidins,bioavailability,lung tissue,blueberry diet
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Food science & Technology
                Keywords: anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, bioavailability, lung tissue, blueberry diet

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