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      Filamentous Fungi in Drinking Water, Particularly in Relation to Biofilm Formation

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          Abstract

          The presence of filamentous fungi in drinking water has become an area worthy of investigation with various studies now being published. The problems associated with fungi include blockage of water pipes, organoleptic deterioration, pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. Fungal biofilm formation is a less developed field of study. This paper updates the topic and introduces novel methods on fungal biofilm analysis, particularly from work based in Brazil. Further recommendations for standard methodology are provided.

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          Observations of fouling biofilm formation.

          Robert J Robbins, Anthony McCoy, James D Bryers … (1981)
          Fouling biofilm development was monitored in a completely mixed tubular recycle reactor. A unique sampling system allowed direct (brightfield, epifluorescence, and scanning electron photomicroscopy) and indirect (increased fluid frictional resistance) observations of biofilms. Low fluid velocity (138.5 cm/s) experiments had shorter induction times and biofilm matrixes which included firmly adherent filamentous bacteria. High fluid velocity (265.4 cm/s) experiments had longer induction times with firmly adherent filamentous bacteria present only after the accumulation of extracellular materials. In both cases the fluid frictional resistance increased after filamentous bacteria became a permanent part of the biofilm.
          Article 0 comments Cited 40 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Filamentous fungal characterizations by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

            C. Santos, R R M Paterson, A Venâncio … (2010)
            Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight intact cell mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF ICMS) is coming of age for the identification and characterization of fungi. The procedure has been used extensively with bacteria. UV-absorbing matrices function as energy mediators that transfer the absorbed photoenergy from an irradiation source to the surrounding sample molecules, resulting in minimum fragmentation. A surprisingly high number of fungal groups have been studied: (i) the terverticillate penicillia, (ii) aflatoxigenic, black and other aspergilli, (iii) Fusarium, (iv) Trichoderma, (iv) wood rotting fungi (e.g. Serpula lacrymans) and (v) dermatophytes. The technique has been suggested for optimizing quality control of fungal Chinese medicines (e.g. Cordyceps). MALDI-TOF ICMS offers advantages over PCR. The method is now used in taxonomic assessments (e.g. Trichoderma) as distinct from only strain characterization. Low and high molecular mass natural products (e.g. peptaibols) can be analysed. The procedure is rapid and requires minimal pretreatment. However, issues of reproducibility need to be addressed further in terms of strains of species tested and between run variability. More studies into the capabilities of MALDI-TOF ICMS to identify fungi are required.
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              The study of fungi in drinking water.

              Gunhild Hageskal, Nelson Lima, Ida Skaar (2009)
              The occurrence of fungi in drinking water has received increased attention in the last decades, and fungi are now generally accepted as drinking water contaminants. The knowledge about the occurrence and diversity of fungi in water has increased considerably from a low knowledge base. However, the relevance of waterborne fungi for water quality and human health is poorly understood and still conflicting. Scientific reports on effective treatment against fungi in water are also few. This article presents a review of the literature on fungal water studies, including some general results, and considerations of significance, limits, contradictions, precautions, and practical consequences.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 101238455
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Print): February 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 February 2011
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 456-469
                Affiliations
                [1 ] IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: virginiamedeiros@ 123456deb.uminho.pt (V.M.S.); cledir.santos@ 123456deb.uminho.pt (C.S.); russell.paterson@ 123456deb.uminho.pt (R.R.M.P.)
                [2 ] Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Morais Rego, 1235, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; E-Mails: helenambo@ 123456yahoo.com.br (H.M.B.O.); normagusmao@ 123456gmail.com (N.B.G.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: nelson@ 123456ie.uminho.pt ; Tel.: +351-253-604-403; Fax: +351-253-604-429.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-08-00456
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8020456
                PMC ID: 3084471
                PubMed ID: 21556196
                SO-VID: 137e80c9-131a-48b7-90b1-aa82f08f5d18
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 December 2010
                Date revision received : 25 January 2011
                Date accepted : 25 January 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: contaminants,water distribution system,drinking water,filamentous fungi,fungal biofilms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: contaminants, water distribution system, drinking water, filamentous fungi, fungal biofilms

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