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      Solid-Phase Synthesis of a New Diphosphate 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Riboside (AICAR) Derivative and Studies toward Cyclic AICAR Diphosphate Ribose

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          Abstract

          The solid-phase synthesis of the first example of a new diphosphate AICAR derivative is reported. The new substance is characterized by the presence of a 5'-phosphate group while a second phosphate moiety is installed on a 5-hydroxypentyl chain attached to the 4- N-position of AICAR. Cyclization of the diphosphate derivative by pyrophosphate bond formation allowed for the formation of a novel AICAR-based cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) mimic.

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          Roles of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mammalian glucose homoeostasis.

          Guy Rutter, Isabelle Leclerc, Gabriela Da Silva Xavier (2003)
          AMPK (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase) is emerging as a metabolic master switch, by which cells in both mammals and lower organisms sense and decode changes in energy status. Changes in AMPK activity have been shown to regulate glucose transport in muscle and glucose production by the liver. Moreover, AMPK appears to be a key regulator of at least one transcription factor linked to a monogenic form of diabetes mellitus. As a result, considerable efforts are now under way to explore the usefulness of AMPK as a therapeutic target for other forms of this disease. Here we review this topic, and discuss new findings which suggest that AMPK may play roles in regulating insulin release and the survival of pancreatic islet beta-cells, and nutrient sensing by the brain.
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            AMP-activated protein kinase pathway: a potential therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disease

            Aaron K. F. Wong, Jacqueline Howie, John R Petrie … (2009)
            AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a heterotrimetric enzyme that is expressed in many tissues, including the heart and vasculature, and plays a central role in the regulation of energy homoeostasis. It is activated in response to stresses that lead to an increase in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio caused either by inhibition of ATP production (i.e. anoxia or ischaemia) or by accelerating ATP consumption (i.e. muscle contraction or fasting). In the heart, AMPK activity increases during ischaemia and functions to sustain ATP, cardiac function and myocardial viability. There is increasing evidence that AMPK is implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. A principle mode of AMPK activation is phosphorylation by upstream kinases [e.g. LKB1 and CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase], which leads to direct effects on tissues and phosphorylation of various downstream kinases [e.g. eEF2 (eukaryotic elongation factor 2) kinase and p70 S6 kinase]. These upstream and downstream kinases of AMPK have fundamental roles in glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, protein synthesis and tumour suppression; consequently, they have been implicated in cardiac ischaemia, arrhythmias and hypertrophy. Recent mechanistic studies have shown that AMPK has an important role in the mechanism of action of MF (metformin), TDZs (thiazolinediones) and statins. Increased understanding of the beneficial effects of AMPK activation provides the rationale for targeting AMPK in the development of new therapeutic strategies for cardiometabolic disease.
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              Pyrimidine as constituent of natural biologically active compounds.

              Irene?M. Lagoja (2005)
              This review describes the various manifestations of the pyrimidine system (alkylated, glycosylated, benzo-annelated.). These comprise pyrimidine nucleosides as well as alkaloids and antibiotics--some of them have been discovered and isolated from natural sources already long time ago, others have been reported very recently. A short overview on pyrimidine syntheses (prebiotic synthesis, biosynthesis, and metabolism) is given. The biological activities of most of the pyrimidine analogs are briefly described, and, in some cases, syntheses are formulated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 September 2011
                Publication date Collection: September 2011
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 8110-8118
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
                [2 ]Facoltà di Scienze Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
                [3 ]Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cynthia, 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: golivier@ 123456unina.it ; Tel.: +39-081-678540.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-16-08110
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules16098110
                PMC ID: 6264535
                PubMed ID: 21937970
                SO-VID: 13853d56-5563-46ba-a1f9-8ce5307c2221
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 August 2011
                Date revision received : 09 September 2011
                Date accepted : 13 September 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: aicar,cadpr,solid-phase synthesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aicar, cadpr, solid-phase synthesis

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