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      ¿Qué hay de nuevo en la metacognición? Revisión del concepto, sus componentes y términos afines Translated title: What’s new in metacognition? Review of the concept, its components and related terms

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          Abstract

          Resumen La investigación sobre metacognición cumple un poco más de cuatro décadas. Pese a ello, aún existen discrepancias acerca de su definición y los mecanismos de procesamiento involucrados en ella. Por esto, el objetivo del presente estudio es hacer una revisión actualizada del concepto, funcionamiento y componentes del proceso de metacognición. En cuanto a la metodología, se efectuó un recorrido histórico por las investigaciones sobre la temática, con el fin de configurar un marco conceptual actualizado. Se revisaron, principalmente, las bases de datos Scopus, WoS y SCielo posteriores al año 2000 utilizando como palabras clave metacognición y estrategias metacognitivas. Se intenta, de esta manera, responder a preguntas: ¿cómo se ha definido la metacognición durante estos últimos años? y ¿qué se dice sobre los componentes, subcomponentes y términos afines? En cuanto a la propuesta conceptual, se hace hincapié en señalar que esta es un proceso cognitivo de segundo orden, el cual se activa bajo ciertas condiciones (ejemplo: tareas complejas como lectura y escritura en educación superior) con el fin de monitorear y regular los procesos cognitivos. Sobre los componentes, se conservan los propuestos por Flavell y Brown: conocimiento y regulación de la cognición. Sin embargo, se suman otros conceptos que son claves en la investigación en metacognición, por ejemplo, juicios metacognitivos, estrategias metacognitivas, habilidades metacognitivas, autorregulación, entre otros. En conclusión, la metacognición es, sin lugar a duda, un campo de estudio de singular valor en el que aún existen interrogantes por esclarecer.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Research on metacognition is around four decades old. However, there are still discrepancies about its meaning and the processing mechanisms involved. Therefore, the objective of this review is to clarify the concept, how it works, and its components. In order to do so, a historical tour of the research on this topic was carried out, which allowed to configure an updated conceptual framework that accounts for the theoretical proposals on the concept, its components and the terms related to it. Basically, Scopus, WoS and SCielo databases after 2000 were reviewed using metacognition and metacognitive strategies as key words. My attempt is to answer the questions: how has metacognition been defined over the last years? And what is said about the components, subcomponents, and related terms? Regarding the conceptual proposal, it is emphasized that this is a second-order cognitive process, which is activated under certain conditions (eg., complex tasks such as reading and writing in higher education) in order to monitor and regulate cognitive processes. On the components, those proposed by Flavell and Brown are preserved: knowledge and regulation of cognition. However, other key concepts are added (metacognitive judgments and their different varieties). In conclusion, metacognition is undoubtedly a relevant research field in which there are still questions to be clarified.

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          Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          A review of 13 years of research into antecedents of university students' grade point average (GPA) scores generated the following: a comprehensive, conceptual map of known correlates of tertiary GPA; assessment of the magnitude of average, weighted correlations with GPA; and tests of multivariate models of GPA correlates within and across research domains. A systematic search of PsycINFO and Web of Knowledge databases between 1997 and 2010 identified 7,167 English-language articles yielding 241 data sets, which reported on 50 conceptually distinct correlates of GPA, including 3 demographic factors and 5 traditional measures of cognitive capacity or prior academic performance. In addition, 42 non-intellective constructs were identified from 5 conceptually overlapping but distinct research domains: (a) personality traits, (b) motivational factors, (c) self-regulatory learning strategies, (d) students' approaches to learning, and (e) psychosocial contextual influences. We retrieved 1,105 independent correlations and analyzed data using hypothesis-driven, random-effects meta-analyses. Significant average, weighted correlations were found for 41 of 50 measures. Univariate analyses revealed that demographic and psychosocial contextual factors generated, at best, small correlations with GPA. Medium-sized correlations were observed for high school GPA, SAT, ACT, and A level scores. Three non-intellective constructs also showed medium-sized correlations with GPA: academic self-efficacy, grade goal, and effort regulation. A large correlation was observed for performance self-efficacy, which was the strongest correlate (of 50 measures) followed by high school GPA, ACT, and grade goal. Implications for future research, student assessment, and intervention design are discussed.
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            A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in College Students

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              Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.

              People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains. The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. Across 4 studies, the authors found that participants scoring in the bottom quartile on tests of humor, grammar, and logic grossly overestimated their test performance and ability. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they estimated themselves to be in the 62nd. Several analyses linked this miscalibration to deficits in metacognitive skill, or the capacity to distinguish accuracy from error. Paradoxically, improving the skills of participants, and thus increasing their metacognitive competence, helped them recognize the limitations of their abilities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ep
                Educação e Pesquisa
                Educ. Pesqui.
                Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1517-9702
                1678-4634
                April 2019
                : 45
                : 0
                : e187571
                Affiliations
                [1] Talca Maule orgnameUniversidad de Talca Chile anvalenzuela@ 123456utalca.cl.
                Article
                S1517-97022019000100525
                10.1590/s1678-4634201945187571
                143d6be6-1776-4988-9a55-39cf4f134799

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2017
                : 13 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 107, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Sección: Artículos

                Metacognition,Knowledge of cognition,Regulation of cognition,Metacognición,Componentes de la metacognición,Teorías de la metacognición

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