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      Protective Effect of Melatonin against Inequality-Induced Da mages on Testicular Tissue and Sper m Para meters

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The goals of the study are evaluation the effects of food deprivation and isolation situation as a social stress on fertility; and in the following, investigation of the improving effect of melatonin as an antioxidant component.

          Materials and Methods:

          In this experimental study, We investigated histopathological and serological effects of melatonin and social stress (food deprivation and isolation) on different features of sperm and testicular tissue among 42 male rats in 7 groups including control, sham, melatonin received (M), food deprivation (FD), Food deprivation and melatonin treatment (FDM), Food deprivation and isolation situation (FDi), and Food deprivation and melatonin treatment and isolation situation (FDMi) groups. Epididymal sperms of all rats were also counted. Histopathological evaluation of the testes was done under a light microscopy to determine the number of spermiogenic cells. Serological evaluation of testosterone, corticosterone, and melatonin was performed, as well. For statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used, and the value of p≤0.05 was considered statistically significance.

          Results:

          The result showed that food deprivation increased the number of abnormal, immotile, and dead sperms, while decreased the number of normal sperms (p<0.05). Isolation could improve sperm motility and viability, while enhanced the number of sper- matogenic cells. Melatonin had a protective effect on sperm count, motility, and viability, while reduced sperm abnormality.

          Conclusion

          Our results demonstrated that melatonin treatment and isolation situation improve the parameters related to epididymal sperms and spermatogenic cells after food deprivation.

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          Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes.

          V Viau (2002)
          Under normal conditions, the adrenal glucocorticoids, the endproduct of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, provide a frontline of defence against threats to homeostasis (i.e. stress). On the other hand, chronic HPA drive and glucocorticoid hypersecretion have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of systemic, neurodegenerative and affective disorders. The HPA axis is subject to gonadal influence, indicated by sex differences in basal and stress HPA function and neuropathologies associated with HPA dysfunction. Functional cross-talk between the gonadal and adrenal axes is due in large part to the interactive effects of sex steroids and glucocorticoids, explaining perhaps why several disease states linked to stress are sex-dependent. Realizing the interactive nature by which the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and HPA systems operate, however, has made it difficult to model how these hormones act in the brain. Manipulation of one endocrine system is not without effects on the other. Simultaneous manipulation and assessment of both endocrine systems can overcome this problem. This dual approach in the male rat reveals that testosterone can act and interact on different aspects of basal and stress HPA function. Basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release is regulated by testosterone-dependent effects on arginine vasopressin synthesis, and corticosterone-dependent effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) synthesis in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. In contrast, testosterone and corticosterone interact on stress-induced ACTH release and drive to the PVN motor neurones. Candidate structures mediating this interaction include several testosterone-sensitive afferents to the HPA axis, including the medial preoptic area, central and medial amygdala and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. All of these relay homeostatic information and integrate reproductive and social behaviour. Because these modalities are affected by stress in humans, a dual systems approach holds great promise in establishing further links between the neuroendocrinology of stress and the central bases of sex-dependent disorders, including psychiatric, cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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            Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization.

            C B Lombard, Wilson K. Smith, Jack van Loon … (1986)
            To determine whether there is a prognostic value in the percentage normal sperm morphologic features in a human in vitro fertilization (IVF) program, the authors conducted a prospective study in women with bilateral tubal damage. Based on the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa, the patients were divided into four groups: group I, normal morphologic features between 0% and 14%; group II, 15% to 30%; group III, 31% to 45%; and group IV, 46% to 60%. One hundred ninety successful laparoscopic cycles were evaluated. In group I, 104 oocytes were obtained, of which 37% fertilized, but no pregnancy resulted; in group II, 81% of 324 oocytes were fertilized, with a pregnancy rate per embryo transfer (ET) of 22%; in group III, 82% of 309 oocytes were fertilized, with a 31% pregnancy rate; and in group IV, 91% of 69 oocytes were fertilized, with a pregnancy rate of 12%. Probability models indicated that there was a clear threshold in normal sperm morphologic features at 14%, with high fertilization and pregnancy rate in the groups with normal sperm morphologic features greater than 14%.
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              Cortisol, testosterone, and coronary heart disease: prospective evidence from the Caerphilly study.

              George Davey Smith, Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Andrew David Beswick … (2005)
              There is a popular belief that chronic stress causes heart disease through psychoneuroendocrine mechanisms. We have examined whether an elevated circulating cortisol-to-testosterone ratio increases the risk of ischemic heart disease. We undertook a prospective cohort study of 2512 men aged 45 to 59 years between 1979 and 1983 from Caerphilly, South Wales, with a mean follow-up of 16.5 years. Subjects underwent a clinical examination, and morning fasting blood samples were taken for analysis of cortisol levels, testosterone levels, and other cardiovascular risk factors. The ratio of cortisol to testosterone showed weak associations with potential confounding factors but strong positive associations with components of the insulin resistance syndrome (P<0.001). A positive linear trend was seen across quintiles of cortisol:testosterone ratio for incident ischemic heart disease (age-adjusted OR per z score change in ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.38, P=0.003). This was markedly attenuated after adjustment for components of the insulin resistance syndrome (age-adjusted OR per z score change in ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.25, P=0.18). There was no association between the cortisol:testosterone ratio and other causes of death (age-adjusted hazard ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.11, P=0.81). This is the first population-based prospective study that has found a specific association between cortisol:testosterone ratio and incident ischemic heart disease, apparently mediated through the insulin resistance syndrome. Whether this reflects the effects of chronic stress, behavioral factors, or genetic influences remains to be determined.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Fertil Steril
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Fertil Steril
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Royan Institute
                Title: International Journal of Fertility & Sterility
                Publisher: Royan Institute
                ISSN (Print): 2008-076X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-0778
                Publication date (Print): Jan-Mar 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2013
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 313-322
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
                [4 ]Department of Clinical Trial Iranian Traditional Medicine Research Center and Health Equity, College of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                * Corresponding Address: P.O.Box: 1477893855Department of BiologyFaculty of Basic SciencesScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran Email: shiva_nasiraei@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Other ID: Int-J-Fertil-steril-7-313
                PMC ID: 3901188
                PubMed ID: 24520501
                SO-VID: 16b8fd2a-a2b6-40ed-87ca-163de43e14c5
                Copyright © Any use, distribution, reproduction or abstract of this publication in any medium, with the exception of commercial purposes, is permitted provided the original work is properly cited
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 June 2012
                Date accepted : 26 February 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Endocrinology and Metabolism
                Subject: Andrology
                Custom metadata
                Citation Nasiraei-Moghadam Sh, Parivar K, Ahmadiani A, Movahhedin M, Vaez Mahdavi MR. Protective effect of melatonin against inequality-induced damages on testicular tissue and sperm parameters. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014; 7(4): 313-322.

                Keywords: isolation situation,food deprivation,melatonin,testis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: isolation situation, food deprivation, melatonin, testis

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