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      Hyaluronan and synovial joint: function, distribution and healing

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Interdisciplinary Toxicology
      Publisher: Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX
      Keywords: synovial joint fluid, hyaluronan, antioxidant, thiol compound

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          Abstract

          Synovial fluid is a viscous solution found in the cavities of synovial joints. The principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement. The presence of high molar mass hyaluronan (HA) in this fluid gives it the required viscosity for its function as lubricant solution. Inflammation oxidation stress enhances normal degradation of hyaluronan causing several diseases related to joints.

          This review describes hyaluronan properties and distribution, applications and its function in synovial joints, with short review for using thiol compounds as antioxidants preventing HA degradations under inflammation conditions.

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          Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications.

          Grigorij Kogan, Ladislav Šoltés, Robert Stern … (2006)
          Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) is a linear polysaccharide formed from disaccharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. It has a high molecular mass, usually in the order of millions of Daltons, and interesting viscoelastic properties influenced by its polymeric and polyelectrolyte characteristics. HA is present in almost all biological fluids and tissues. In clinical medicine, it is used as a diagnostic marker for many diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and liver pathologies, as well as for supplementation of impaired synovial fluid in arthritic patients by means of intra-articular injections. It is also used in certain ophthalmological and otological surgeries and cosmetic regeneration and reconstruction of soft tissue. Herein we present an overview of the occurrence and physiological properties of HA, as well as of the recent advances in production biotechnology and preparation of the HA-based materials for medical application.
          Article 0 comments Cited 176 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Hyaluronan.

            T C Laurent, J R Fraser (1992)
            Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) is a high-molecular-mass polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix, especially of soft connective tissues. It is synthesized in the plasma membrane of fibroblasts and other cells by addition of sugars to the reducing end of the polymer, whereas the nonreducing end protrudes into the pericellular space. The polysaccharide is catabolized locally or carried by lymph to lymph nodes or the general circulation, from where it is cleared by the endothelial cells of the liver sinusoids. The overall turnover rate is surprisingly rapid for a connective tissue matrix component (t1/2 0.5 to a few days). Hyaluronan has been assigned various physiological functions in the intercellular matrix, e.g., in water and plasma protein homeostasis. Hyaluronan production increases in proliferating cells and the polymer may play a role in mitosis. Extensive hyaluronidase-sensitive coats have been identified around mesenchymal cells. They are either anchored firmly in the plasma membrane or bound via hyaluronan-specific binding proteins (receptors). Such receptors have now been identified on many different cells, e.g., the lymphocyte homing receptor CD 44. Interaction between a hyaluronan receptor and extracellular polysaccharide has been connected with locomotion and cell migration. Hyaluronan seems to play an important role during development and differentiation and has other cell regulatory activities. Hyaluronan has also been recognized in clinical medicine. A concentrated solution of hyaluronan (10 mg/ml) has, through its tissue protective and rheological properties, become a device in ophthalmic surgery. Analysis of serum hyaluronan is promising in the diagnosis of liver disease and various inflammatory conditions, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis. Interstitial edema caused by accumulation of hyaluronan may cause dysfunction in various organs.
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              Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid.

              Parvathi Kumar, Aiden Arnold, Joseph West … (1985)
              Partial degradation products of sodium hyaluronate produced by the action of testicular hyaluronidase induced an angiogenic response (formation of new blood vessels) on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Neither macromolecular hyaluronate nor exhaustively digested material had any angiogenic potential. Fractionation of the digestion products established that the activity was restricted to hyaluronate fragments between 4 and 25 disaccharides in length.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Interdiscip Toxicol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Interdiscip Toxicol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ITX
                Title: Interdisciplinary Toxicology
                Publisher: Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX
                ISSN (Print): 1337-6853
                ISSN (Electronic): 1337-9569
                Publication date (Print): September 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): September 2013
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 111-125
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
                [2 ]Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
                Author notes
                Correspondence address: Dr. Tamer Mahmoud Tamer, Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt. E-MAIL: ttamer85@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ITX-6-111
                DOI: 10.2478/intox-2013-0019
                PMC ID: 3967437
                PubMed ID: 24678248
                SO-VID: 1a23910b-e4d1-4004-ad1e-51028d133253
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 18 July 2013
                Date revision received : 25 August 2013
                Date accepted : 10 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Toxicology
                Keywords: synovial joint fluid,hyaluronan,antioxidant,thiol compound
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Toxicology
                Keywords: synovial joint fluid, hyaluronan, antioxidant, thiol compound

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