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      Validación y aplicación de instrumentos para evaluar intervenciones educativas en obesidad de escolares Translated title: Validation and application of methods to evaluate educative interventions in obesity in schoolchildren

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          Abstract

          La obesidad infantil constituye un problema de salud pública en Chile. Con el propósito de avanzar en la implementación de programas preventivos globales, se realizó un proyecto piloto en niños de 4° básico de escuelas municipalizadas, sus madres y profesores, con el objetivo de desarrollar, validar y aplicar instrumentos sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de alimentación, nutrición y actividad física; para establecer la línea base que oriente las intervenciones educativas y evaluar este tipo de estrategia en la prevención de obesidad. Pacientes y Método: La muestra incluyó a 251 escolares, 240 madres y 39 profesores. Como parte del proceso de validación, se implementó una experiencia educativa de corta duración en los niños (26 horas) y madres (2 charlas) de una de las escuelas, para lo cual se desarrolló un material educativo específico. Los procesos de desarrollo y validación de los tests siguieron los pasos habituales para ese fin. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que los conocimientos de los niños, sus madres y profesores eran deficientes. Después de la experiencia educativa para niños y madres, estos mejoraron significativamente, sin embargo, no alcanzaron el nivel esperado. En los niños, se observó un bajo consumo de leche, frutas y verduras. Aun cuando los niños eran extremadamente sedentarios, especialmente las niñas, ellos manifestaron gustarles las clases de educación física y su deseo de aumentarlas. La autopercepción de su verdadero estado nutricional fue inadecuada, siendo aún peor en las mujeres. En las madres, un 34% no consumía leche; en el resto, el 73% prefiere la leche entera y menos del 30% la cambiaría por leche descremada.

          Translated abstract

          Childhood obesity is a public health problem in Chile. In order to advance in the process of developing comprehensive preventive programmes, a pilot project studying schoolchildren in the 4th grade attending public schools and their mothers was carried out with the object of developing, validating and applying methods to determine knowledge and attitudes in food, nutrition and physical activity. These methods not only serve to have an initial assessment so as to orientate educational strategies, but also to evaluate this type of strategy as part of an obesity prevention programme. Patients and Methods: The sample included 251 children, 240 mothers and 39 teachers. As part of the validation process, a small scale educational strategy was implemented for the children (26 hours) and their mothers (2 lectures) for which specific material was developed. The process of developing and validating these methods followed the usual procedure. Results: The results showed that knowledge was deficient in children, their mothers and their teachers. Even though this knowledge increased significantly in those undergoing the education programme, it did not reach the minimum acceptable level. Children had low intake of milk, fruits and vegetables. They were extremely sedentary, especially girls, but said that they enjoyed physical education classes and were willing to have more classes. Self-perception of their real nutritional status was inadequate, especially in girls, 34% of mothers did not consume milk, among the rest 73% preferred whole milk and less than 30% were willing to change to low-fat milk.

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          Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory

          Presents a comprehensive theory of human motivation and action from a social-cognitive perspective. This insightful text addresses the prominent roles played by cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory, and self-reflective processes in psychosocial functioning; emphasizes reciprocal causation through the interplay of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors; and systematically applies the basic principles of this theory to personal and social change.
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            Epidemiological transition in Latin America: the case of Chile.

            To describe Chile's stage of epidemiological transition, a descriptive study of the changes to the demographic and economic profile of this country during the last 20 years is presented. The decline in the total fertility rate from 3.4 in 1970 to 2.6 in 1992 and the important decrease in general and infant mortality rate has led to an increase of life expectancy of 8 years for men and 9 years for women. This has resulted in changes to the age structure and causes of mortality and morbidity of the population. A reduction of 82% in the proportion of deaths among children < 1 year and a 73% increase of mortality amongst those 65 years and older can be observed. In line with these changes non-communicable diseases have increased from 53.7% of all deaths in 1970 to 74.9% in 1991. In the same period mortality rates from cardiovascular causes have decreased from 189.6 to 161.1 per 100,000 population, whilst their relative proportion of all causes has increased from 22.3% to 29%. High prevalence of risk factors should lead to a significant increase of chronic diseases in future years. Regarding morbidity, a high incidence rate for tuberculosis persists together with an increase of infections of the digestive system and of sexually transmitted diseases. A decrease in the rates of diseases preventable by immunisation has been noted. It is concluded that, as defined by population mortality statistics, Chile is in a post-transition stage but with a persistence of some infectious diseases corresponding to a transitional stage of development.
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              Medición del cambio del estado nutricional

              (1983)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcp
                Revista chilena de pediatría
                Rev. chil. pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (Santiago, , Chile )
                0370-4106
                July 2001
                : 72
                : 4
                : 308-318
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) jkain@ 123456uec.inta.uchile.cl
                Article
                S0370-41062001000400005 S0370-4106(01)07200405
                10.4067/S0370-41062001000400005
                1a3523e1-24d3-4220-9e57-cbd0f2ae46cc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 July 2001
                : 10 January 2001
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                TRABAJOS ORIGINALES

                estrategia educativa,consumo alimentario,actividad física,educational strategy,childhood obesity,food intake,physical activity,obesidad infantil

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