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      Tratamiento de la obesidad infantil: Factores pronósticos asociados a una respuesta favorable

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La obesidad infantil es el principal desafío nutricional actual en Chile; aún no se consigue una disminución de las tasas de obesidad y sobrepeso, tras diferentes intentos por definir estrategias terapéuticas a largo plazo. Objetivo: Analizar factores familiares, clínicos o personales que pudieran servir como predictores de éxito terapéutico en el control ambulatorio del niño obeso. Sujetos y método: Se siguió prospectivamente entre Enero y Agosto 2000, a 88 pacientes obesos de ambos sexos de 9,9 ± 3,3 años. Se realizó anamnesis general y nutricional, evaluación antropométrica ajustada por Tanner, encuesta de actividad física e ingesta, se solicitaron exámenes de laboratorio y se efectuó educación nutricional, alternando controles mensuales, grupales e individuales por nutricionista y médico. Se efectuó análisis univariado de los datos relacionando variaciones porcentuales de P/T o IMC con variables personales, familiares, antropométricas, bioquímicas y de actividad. Resultados: 48% abandonó el control antes de los 6 meses de seguimiento; de los que continuaban, 65% bajó de peso sobre 5% de su IMC o P/T inicial (34% del total). Se encontró hipercolesterolemia sobre 200 mg/dL en 15% de los niños e hipertensión (P.A. Sd sobre Pc 95) en 10%. Sólo la edad menor a 5 años presentó mejor asociación con baja porcentual de peso (-5,85% en menor de 5 años; -4,5% entre 5-10 años; -3,83% sobre los 10 años (p = 0,07), sin obtenerse asociación con otros factores estudiados: edad y educación materna, sexo, peso al nacer, tipo de familia, apreciación de obesidad y control espontáneo. Conclusiones: Este tratamiento de la obesidad infantil presenta una alta tasa de abandono y con un 34% de respuesta favorable. La edad de los niños menor a 5 años es la única variable asociada a respuesta favorable en términos de baja de peso.

          Translated abstract

          Infant obesity is currently a nutritional challenge, inspite of several attempts to define long term successful therapeutic strategies or to recognise the prognostic factors associated with successful treatments, it has not been possible to decrease the rates of obesity and overweight in infants. This study analized familiar, clinical or personal factors that could serve as predictors of the therapeutic success in the ambulatory control of obese children. Between January and August 2000, 88 obese children of both sexes began monthly clinical controls, which included; history and examination, anthropometrical evaluation (modified by Tanner), degree of physical activity, dietary recall and laboratory examinations. Nutritional education was the only treatment for 6 months of follow-up. The data analysis included univariate proofs relating to changes in weight to length ratios or BMI in relation to personal, familial, anthropometrical and biochemical variables and physical activity. There was a drop out rate of 48% at 6 months. In those who finished the programme, 65% lost more than 5% of their inicial weight. Hypercholesterolemia over 200 mg/ml was found in 15% and hypertension in 10%. An association with favourable response was only found in children under 5. There was no associated with maternal age or education, gender, birth weight, family type, perception of obesity and self weight control. Conclusions: An ambulatory weight control programme has a high dropout rate, 34% having a favourable outcome, an age less than 5 is the only predictive variable of a successful response.

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          Obesity Evaluation and Treatment: Expert Committee Recommendations

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            Ten-year follow-up of behavioral, family-based treatment for obese children.

            Using a prospective, randomized, controlled design, we examined the effects of behavioral family-based treatment on percent overweight and growth over 10 years in obese 6- to 12-year-old children. Obese children and their parents were randomized to three groups that were provided similar diet, exercise, and behavior management training but differed in the reinforcement for weight loss and behavior change. The child and parent group reinforced parent and child behavior change and weight loss, the child group reinforced child behavior change and weight loss, and the nonspecific control group reinforced families for attendance. Children in the child and parent group showed significantly greater decreases in percent overweight after 5 and 10 years (-11.2% and -7.5%, respectively) than children in the nonspecific control group (+ 7.9% and + 14.3%, respectively). Children in the child group showed increases in percent overweight after 5 and 10 years (+ 2.7% and + 4.5%, respectively) that were midway between those for the child and parent and nonspecific groups and not significantly different from either. At 10 years, child height was related strongly to the height of the parent of the same sex (r = .78 children were 1.8 cm taller than their parents, with no differences in height between groups.
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              Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness.

              This paper reviews child and adolescent adiposity measures and associated long-term health risks. The first section argues that anthropometric measures are practical for large scale epidemiological studies, particularly the body mass index. Limitations of this and other measures are presented. The second section summarises the evidence on the relationship between child and adolescent and adult adiposity. This is based on a search for relevant literature in the following computerised databases: Medline (1985-96), BIDS (EMBASE and Science Citation Index 1985-96). The literature search revealed that the child to adult adiposity relationship is now well-documented, although methodological differences hinder comparisons. Nonetheless, consistently elevated risks of adult obesity are evident for fatter children, although the prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent adiposity measures is only moderate. Fewer studies could be identified in relation to long-term health risks of child and adolescent adiposity. It is therefore difficult to specify categories of risk associated with childhood adiposity without more information from long-term studies. Further evidence is also required to confirm the suggestion from some studies that adult disease risks are associated with a change in adiposity from normal weight in childhood to obesity in adulthood. However, on the basis of the evidence available, it is argued that population-based approaches to the prevention of obesity are likely to be more effective than approaches targeted as fat children. Population-based approaches are desirable, first because of the poor prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent measures, and second, because of risks of adult mortality and morbidity may be elevated for individuals who become overweight after adolescence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcp
                Revista chilena de pediatría
                Rev. chil. pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (Santiago, , Chile )
                0370-4106
                July 2003
                : 74
                : 4
                : 374-380
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA)
                [01] orgnameHospital San Borja Arriarán orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría Chile
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Campus Centro orgdiv2Facultad de Medicina
                Article
                S0370-41062003000400004 S0370-4106(03)07400404
                10.4067/S0370-41062003000400004
                6a68eea9-4026-44e0-9edd-7b11d6fde88f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 January 2003
                : 18 July 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                obesity,Obesidad,tratamiento,childhood,pediatría,treatment
                obesity, Obesidad, tratamiento, childhood, pediatría, treatment

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