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      The Dark Side of Cell Fusion

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          Abstract

          Cell fusion is a physiological cellular process essential for fertilization, viral entry, muscle differentiation and placental development, among others. In this review, we will highlight the different cancer cell-cell fusions and the advantages obtained by these fusions. We will specially focus on the acquisition of metastatic features by cancer cells after fusion with bone marrow-derived cells. The mechanism by which cancer cells fuse with other cells has been poorly studied thus far, but the presence in several cancer cells of syncytin, a trophoblastic fusogen, leads us to a cancer cell fusion mechanism similar to the one used by the trophoblasts. The mechanism by which cancer cells perform the cell fusion could be an interesting target for cancer therapy.

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          Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

          The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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            Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis.

            Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
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              The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                28 April 2016
                May 2016
                : 17
                : 5
                : 638
                Affiliations
                Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, ‎Geneva 1211, Switzerland; daniel.bastida@ 123456etu.unige.ch (D.B.-R.); kylie.vanhoesen@ 123456gmail.com (K.V.H.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: marie.cohen@ 123456hcuge.ch ; Tel.: +41-22-37-24-381
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                ijms-17-00638
                10.3390/ijms17050638
                4881464
                27136533
                204716ae-184a-4fba-953b-dfad39a32268
                © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 29 March 2016
                : 22 April 2016
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                cancer,cell fusion,metastasis,drug resistance,syncytin
                Molecular biology
                cancer, cell fusion, metastasis, drug resistance, syncytin

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