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      Pancreatic β cell microRNA-26a alleviates type 2 diabetes by improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and preserving β cell function

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          Abstract

          Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance along with pancreatic β cell failure. β cell factors are traditionally thought to control glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin levels, not insulin sensitivity. Exosomes are emerging as new regulators of intercellular communication. However, the role of β-cell–derived exosomes in metabolic homeostasis is poorly understood. Here, we report that microRNA-26a (miR-26a) in β cells not only modulates insulin secretion and β cell replication in an autocrine manner but also regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity in a paracrine manner through circulating exosomes. MiR-26a is reduced in serum exosomes of overweight humans and is inversely correlated with clinical features of T2D. Moreover, miR-26a is down-regulated in serum exosomes and islets of obese mice. Using miR-26a knockin and knockout mouse models, we showed that miR-26a in β cells alleviates obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Mechanistically, miR-26a in β cells enhances peripheral insulin sensitivity via exosomes. Meanwhile, miR-26a prevents hyperinsulinemia through targeting several critical regulators of insulin secretion and β cell proliferation. These findings provide a new paradigm for the far-reaching systemic functions of β cells and offer opportunities for the treatment of T2D.

          Abstract

          A study using mouse models and human samples reveals a previously unknown role for pancreatic β-cell regulators in glucose homeostasis, in which β cell miR-26a not only modulates insulin secretion and β cell replication in an autocrine manner but also regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity in a paracrine manner through circulating exosomes.

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          Most cited references52

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          The microcosmos of cancer.

          The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) almost two decades ago established a new paradigm of gene regulation. During the past ten years these tiny non-coding RNAs have been linked to virtually all known physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In the same way as certain key protein-coding genes, miRNAs can be deregulated in cancer, in which they can function as a group to mark differentiation states or individually as bona fide oncogenes or tumour suppressors. Importantly, miRNA biology can be harnessed experimentally to investigate cancer phenotypes or used therapeutically as a target for drugs or as the drug itself.
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            Hypothalamic stem cells control aging speed partly through exosomal miRNAs

            SUMMARY Hypothalamic control of aging was recently proposed, but the responsible mechanisms still remain unclear. Here, following the observation that aging of mice started with a substantial loss of hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1, we developed several mouse models with ablation of these hypothalamic cells, each of them consistently displaying an acceleration in aging-like physiological changes or shortening in lifespan. Conversely, aging retardation and lifespan extension were achieved in mid-aged mice when locally implanted with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that were genetically engineered to survive from aging-related hypothalamic inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanistically, hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells greatly contributed to exosomal miRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid which declined over aging, while central treatment with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells-secreted exosomes led to slowdown of aging. In conclusion, aging speed is controlled significantly by hypothalamic stem cells partially through release of exosomal miRNAs.
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              Cancer mediates effector T cell dysfunction by targeting microRNAs and EZH2 via glycolysis restriction

              Aerobic glycolysis regulates T cell function. However, if and how primary cancer alters T cell glycolytic metabolism and affects tumor immunity remains a question in cancer patients. Here we report that ovarian cancers imposed glucose restriction on T cells and dampened their function via maintaining high expression of microRNA101 and microRNA26a, which constrained expression of the methyltransferase EZH2. EZH2 activated the Notch pathway by suppressing Notch repressors, Numb and Fbxw7, via H3K27me3, and consequently stimulated T cell polyfunctional cytokine expression and promoted their survival via Bcl-2 signaling. Moreover, human shRNA-knockdown-EZH2-deficient T cells elicited poor anti-tumor immunity. EZH2+CD8+ T cells were associated with improved cancer patient survival. Together, the data unveil a novel metabolic target and mechanism of cancer immune evasion.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administration
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Supervision
                Role: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Resources
                Role: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Biol
                PLoS Biol
                plos
                plosbiol
                PLoS Biology
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1544-9173
                1545-7885
                24 February 2020
                February 2020
                24 February 2020
                : 18
                : 2
                : e3000603
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
                [2 ] Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
                [3 ] Department of General Surgery, Yaan People's Hospital, Yaan, Sichuan, China
                [4 ] State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
                [5 ] Department of General Practice and Lab of PTM, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
                [6 ] Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
                [7 ] Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
                Peking University, CHINA
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-4322
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-8910
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-3892
                Article
                PBIOLOGY-D-18-01531
                10.1371/journal.pbio.3000603
                7058362
                32092075
                2188378a-7198-4642-a903-e8c67bba756f
                © 2020 Xu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 December 2018
                : 31 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Pages: 36
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 91540113
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81570527
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81502631
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002855, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China;
                Award ID: 2018ZX09201018-005
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81970561
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
                Award ID: ZYJC18049
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
                Award ID: Z20191005
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2018ZX09201018-005 to XF), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91540113, 81970561, and 81570527 to XF, and 81502631 to YT), the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZYJC18049 to XF), and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Z20191005 to XF).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Diabetic Endocrinology
                Insulin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Insulin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Vesicles
                Exosomes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
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                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Endocrine Physiology
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Endocrine Physiology
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
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                Research and Analysis Methods
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                Animal Studies
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                Biology and life sciences
                Biochemistry
                Nucleic acids
                RNA
                Non-coding RNA
                Natural antisense transcripts
                MicroRNAs
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
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                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2020-03-05
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Life sciences
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