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      Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science

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          Abstract

          Hypertension, which directly threatens quality of life, is a major contributor to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Over the past two decades, domestic and foreign scholars have agreed upon various standards in the treatment of hypertension, and considerable progress has been made in the field of antihypertensive drugs. Oral antihypertensive drugs represent a milestone in hypertension therapy. However, the blood pressure standard for patients with hypertension is far from satisfactory. The study of Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension has received much research attention. These studies seek to integrate traditional and Western medicine in China. Currently, Chinese herbal formulas are known to have an outstanding advantage with regard to bodily regulation. Research shows that Chinese medicine has many protective mechanisms. This paper addresses the process of the antihypertensive mechanisms in Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension. These mechanisms are to be discussed in future research.

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          Diabetes and Hypertension: Is There a Common Metabolic Pathway?

          Diabetes and hypertension frequently occur together. There is substantial overlap between diabetes and hypertension in etiology and disease mechanisms. Obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are thought to be the common pathways. Recent advances in the understanding of these pathways have provided new insights and perspectives. Physical activity plays an important protective role in the two diseases. Knowing the common causes and disease mechanisms allows a more effective and proactive approach in their prevention and treatment.
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            Vascular endothelial growth factors and vascular permeability

            Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key regulators of permeability. The principal evidence behind how they increase vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro and the consequences of that increase are addressed here. Detailed analysis of the published literature has shown that in vivo and in vitro VEGF-mediated permeability differs in its time course, but has common involvement of many specific signalling pathways, in particular VEGF receptor-2 activation, calcium influx through transient receptor potential channels, activation of phospholipase C gamma and downstream activation of nitric oxide synthase. Pathways downstream of endothelial nitric oxide synthase appear to involve the guanylyl cyclase-mediated activation of the Rho–Rac pathway and subsequent involvement of junctional signalling proteins such as vascular endothelial cadherin and the tight junctional proteins zona occludens and occludin linked to the actin cytoskeleton. The signalling appears to be co-ordinated through spatial organization of the cascade into a signalplex, and arguments for why this may be important are considered. Many proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of vascular permeability by VEGF, but still the mechanisms through which these are thought to interact to control permeability are dependent on the experimental system, and a synthesis of existing data reveals that in intact vessels the co-ordination of the pathways is still not understood.
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              The biology of vascular endothelial growth factors.

              The discovery of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGF, VEGF-B, placental growth factor (PlGF), VEGF-C and VEGF-D and their receptors VEGFR-1, -2 and -3 has provided tools for studying the vascular system in development as well as in diseases ranging from ischemic heart disease to cancer. VEGF has been established as the prime angiogenic molecule during development, adult physiology and pathology. PlGF may primarily mediate arteriogenesis, the formation of collateral arteries from preexisting arterioles, with potential future therapeutic use in for example occlusive atherosclerotic disease. VEGF-C and VEGF-D are primarily lymphangiogenic factors, but they can also induce angiogenesis in some conditions. While many studies have addressed the role of angiogenesis and the blood vasculature in human physiology, the lymphatic vascular system has until recently attracted very little attention. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in angiogenesis research and provide an overview of the molecular players involved in lymphangiogenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Hypertens Res
                Hypertens. Res
                Hypertension Research
                Nature Publishing Group
                0916-9636
                1348-4214
                July 2013
                04 April 2013
                : 36
                : 7
                : 570-579
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
                [2 ]Department of Endocrinology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Mentougou District , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beixiange 5#, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China. E-mail: 5administration@ 123456163.com or avill1988@ 123456126.com or wangjie0103@ 123456yahoo.cn
                [3]

                These authors contributed equally to this paper.

                Article
                hr201318
                10.1038/hr.2013.18
                3703711
                23552514
                24865230-6906-4d9b-9711-5564706ed72f
                Copyright © 2013 The Japanese Society of Hypertension

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 04 July 2012
                : 26 November 2012
                : 12 December 2012
                Categories
                Review

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                chinese herbal formulas,traditional chinese medicine,treatment efficacy

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