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      Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.

      1 ,
      Annual review of physiology
      Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Annu Rev Physiol
          Annual review of physiology
          Annual Reviews
          1545-1585
          0066-4278
          2011
          : 73
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
          Article
          10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200
          21054169
          25022803-631b-4620-a30f-b68501f6ccd6
          History

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