Over the past few years, we have witnessed numerous and continuing advances in our
understanding of molecular mechanisms facilitating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The
current issue of the
American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy
contributes further to this area of study. Drilling et al.
1
characterizes the in vitro activity of a bacteriophage cocktail against Staphylococcus
aureus biofilms, revealing its effectiveness in eliminating the organism from a substantial
portion of clinical isolates in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Hwang and colleagues
examine characteristics of H2S in CRS, illustrating its role as an important CRS-associated
inflammatory mediator.
2
Continuing this trend of translationally relevant scholarship, Batzakakis et al.
3
and Topal et al.
4
respectively delineate the relationship specific adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen
species have with nasal polyposis.
4
Jean Anderson Eloy, MD, FACS
The editorial staff at the
American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy
understands the realization that proficiency in basic sciences is fundamental for
the advancement of the subspecialty by also offering several other potentially impactful
analyses. Luukkainen and colleagues
5
explore the possible mechanisms present in asthma and CRS with nasal polyps among
patients residing in urban environments, while Jeong et al.
6
suggest the utility of nasal nitric oxide levels in screening for CRS with polyposis.
This issue offers multiple analyses supporting the integral role Staphylococcal enterotoxin
may play in chronic airway disease, via differentiation of regulatory T-cells (TRegs)
7
or more direct effects on human airway epithelial cells.
8
To round off this issue's invaluable basic and translational science contributions,
Pajor and colleagues
9
explore immunologic aspects facilitating the development of sinonasal inverted papillomas,
and Kim
10
examines the impact of environmental considerations, including alcohol and smoking,
on allergy risk.
In addition to the important studies at the molecular level, this issue offers exciting
and complementary findings that may be of use to practitioners in the office setting.
Sedaghat et al.
11
tackle an understudied topic, examining geographic patterns in emergency department
imaging for pediatric patients with sinusitis, and report previously nondescribed
disparities. Lee and Chiu
12
note a role for topical antiinfective irrigations in CRS through their systematic
review of the literature.
In addition to studies relevant to allergic and inflammatory processes, the
American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy
continues to support the importance of skull base topics. Sunaryo et al.
13
detail the available literature regarding anterior skull base and sinonasal schwannomas,
noting the importance of including these entities in a differential diagnosis of any
anterior skull base mass involving the cribriform plate. These authors also note that
gross-total resection of these lesions should be the goal of operative management.
Influenza vaccinations protect millions of individuals in our society, particularly
vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Despite their obvious success, adverse
reactions have been reported, with some of these reactions being anecdotal in nature.
Doty et al.
14
examine a large sample of patients with chemosensory dysfunction, finding that fewer
than 1% attribute their dysfunction to this vaccine. Stauber et al.
15
look at another adverse reaction, finding that factors such as diabetes and probably
obesity may contribute to more severe events of angioedema induced by angiotensen-converting
enzymes inhibitors (ACEI). They also note that the high recurrence rate of ACEI-induced
angioedema preceding subsequent life threatening events points to under-diagnosis
of this reaction.
In an effort to control rising healthcare costs, identification of efficient and inefficient
practices is paramount in the current political environment. Kennedy and colleagues
16
add to the considerable body of relevant literature, examining at what age the initiation
of specific subcutaneous immunotherapy exceeds the cost-effectiveness of lifetime
intranasal steroid therapy while Chen et al.
17
conduct a multi-center prospective trial demonstrating its safety.
Dysosmia and dysgeusia can profoundly impact quality of life. Steinbach et al.
18
study their prevalence using objective testing in patients with vascular malformations
of the head and neck, finding a significant relationship even when the nose and/or
tongue are not malformed. Parikh et al.
19
study another significant topic affecting quality of life and overall health, demonstrating
a significantly positive correlation between clinical control of rhinitis symptoms
and control of obstructive sleep apnea. This suggests this approach should be emphasized
among practitioners in a wide variety of specialties. Turning to obstructive sleep
apnea in the pediatric population, Huseni et al.
20
note that children with rhinitis have distinct obstructive sleep apnea features with
a higher degree of REM-sleep, suggesting future areas of research in examination of
pediatric sleeping disorders.
Diagnostic techniques have rapidly evolved in recent years, offering an important
perioperative adjunct to determining optimal medical and surgical strategies. Manjunatha
et al.
21
illustrates an exciting potential method of evaluating nasal obstruction, indicating
the polyvinylidene fluoride nasal sensor provides comparable results to those gained
from the use of peak nasal inspiratory flow measurements. Another analysis notes the
utility of pre-operative computed tomography scans in patients undergoing septoplasty
to evaluate the grade of deviation and degree of inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
22
Cadaveric studies offer invaluable insights into potential surgical techniques and
play an important role in determining subsequent surgical approaches. Craig et al.
23
describe how upper lateral strut grafts improved patency in cadaveric internal nasal
valves, most notably in cadavers with narrow internal nasal valves. Kenyon and Antisdel
24
offer an alternative for patients in need of surgery involving the lateral orbital
apex. In their cadaveric study, endoscopic approaches to the lateral orbital apex
are explored. The authors conclude that this approach can be considered for patients
with irreparably damaged vision and warned that this approach should be considered
with caution in patients with intact vision due to the possibility of optic nerve
traction. Saedi et al.
25
used spreader flaps in a pilot study including 32 patients, finding this approach
has promise. Pagella et al.
26
discuss a conservative alternative in endoscopic treatment of inverted papilloma,
noting that pedicle oriented endoscopic surgery potentially offers good disease control,
shorter operating time, while sparing uninvolved structures.
An analysis from the Medical University of South Carolina examined skull base thickness
in radiologic images of patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks, finding
differences, although it is unclear whether such differences predispose patients to
leaks rather than just being a consequence of any underlying pathophysiology.
27
Finally, this issue also contains further study of the relationship between chronic
adenoid disease and CRS in the pediatric population, noting that history and physical
examination are notoriously unreliable predictors.
28
The wide variety of analyses, ranging from those focusing on basic science and translational
research to those containing significant clinical findings that can be immediately
applied in medical decision making, offer insight into the expanding knowledge base
regarding patients with allergic, rhinologic, and skull base pathologies. Our hope
is that these manuscripts will not only prove useful to practicing clinicians and
scientists, but offer ideas for further scholarship that will continue to expand our
understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying allergic, rhinologic, and skull
base disorders.