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      • Record: found
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      Tear clearance rate in dogs: Measurement using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The tear clearance rate (TCR), determined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) images, and its correlation with ocular surface parameters, including blink rate, Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) and tear film breakup time (TFBUT), were evaluated.

          Animals studied

          Left eyes of 20 client‐owned dogs with no ocular disease symptoms.

          Procedures

          The tear meniscus height (TMH) was evaluated using AS‐OCT images before the instillation of 5 μL saline (TMH base), immediately post‐instillation (TMH 0), 30‐s post‐instillation (TMH 0.5) and at 1 min intervals for 5 min post‐instillation (TMH 1, TMH 2, TMH 3, TMH 4 and TMH 5). The TCR was calculated using the formula [(TMH 0 − TMH 0.5)/TMH 0]×100 (%). The eyes were classified into two groups with the median: ‘High TMH base’ ( n = 10) and ‘Low TMH base’ ( n = 10). Eyes with STT‐1 values ≥15 mm/min and TFBUT ≥ 12 s were assigned to the ‘Satisfied’ subgroup, whereas eyes not satisfying these criteria were assigned to the ‘Not satisfied’ subgroup.

          Results

          TMH 0 was higher than TMH 0.5 ( p = 0.02), wherein TMH 0.5 to TMH 5 did not differ significantly. The TCR and blink rate were negatively correlated ( p = 0.02). The ‘Not satisfied’ subgroup in the low TMH base group had a lower TCR ( p = 0.02) and higher blink rate ( p = 0.04) than the ‘Satisfied’ subgroup.

          Conclusions

          TCR can be evaluated using AS‐OCT in dogs. Eyes with a lower TCR blink more frequently. TMH merits studying to understand ocular surface health.

          Abstract

          This study investigated whether anterior segment optical coherence tomography, a technique gaining popularity in human ophthalmology, could be used on dogs to measure tear clearance rate (TCR). We also investigated the utility of tear clearance to aid the diagnosis of ocular surface diseases. TCR can be evaluated using AS‐OCT in dogs. Eyes with a lower TCR blink more frequently. TMH merits studying to understand ocular surface health.

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          Most cited references18

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          The role of the lacrimal functional unit in the pathophysiology of dry eye.

          Chantal E. Stern, Stephen Pflugfelder, Roger Beuerman … (2004)
          The majority of dry eye symptoms are due to a chronic inflammation of the lacrimal functional unit resulting in a loss of tear film integrity and normal function. This leads to a reduction in the ability of the ocular surface to respond to environmental challenges. The underlying cause of tear film dysfunction is the alteration of tear aqueous, mucin, and lipid components. This may result from a systemic autoimmune disease or a local autoimmune event. A lack of systemic androgen support to the lacrimal gland has been shown to be a facilitative factor in the initiation of this type of pathophysiology. Tear secretion is controlled by the lacrimal functional unit consisting of the ocular surface (cornea, conjunctiva, accessory lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands), the main lacrimal gland and the interconnecting innervation. If any portion of this functional unit is compromised, lacrimal gland support to the ocular surface is impeded. Factors such as neurogenic inflammation and T cell involvement in the disease pathogenesis as well as newly developed animal models of ocular surface inflammation are discussed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 130 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Tear dynamics and dry eye.

            Kazuo Tsubota (1998)
            Tears undergo four processes: production by the lacrimal gland, distribution by blinking, evaporation from the ocular surface and drainage through the nasolacrimal duct. Abnormalities in any of these steps can cause dry eye. There are two kinds of tear production, basic and reflex, which can be distinguished from each other by the Schirmer test with nasal stimulation. Reflex tearing is important because it supplies such essential components as EGF and vitamin A, whose deficiency may cause squamous metaplasia. There is no reflex tearing in Sjogren's syndrome because of destruction of the lacrimal gland. In cases of diminished or absent reflex tearing, topical autologous serum is the treatment of choice. Even when there is adequate tear production, insufficient distribution, such as occurs with the decreased blinking associated with the use of video display terminals (VDT), may cause dry eye. Any process or activity that suppresses blinking interferes with tear distribution. Tear evaporation increases under certain conditions and in some diseases. When the exposed ocular surface area is increased, such as in VDT work, tear evaporation increases. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) also causes increased tear evaporation by altering the quality of the oily layer in tears. Tear evaporation can be suppressed by using a warm compresser or a humidifier, narrowing the palpebral fissure, or wearing protective eyeglasses. The tear clearance rate is measured by fluorescein dye dilution in the conjunctiva. When the tear clearance is low, inflammatory cytokines or preservatives accumulate in the conjunctival sac, resulting in ocular surface diseases. Frequent use of artificial tears without preservative is the key treatment. A differential diagnosis of the abnormalities of tear dynamics can give us a proper understanding of the pathogenesis of dry eye. With this knowledge, we can formulate an efficient therapeutic approach.
            Article 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

              Dilek Dursun Altinors, Min Wang, Dagoberto Monroy … (2002)
              To evaluate the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of aqueous tear production and desiccating environmental stress on aqueous tear production, tear clearance, corneal epithelial permeability, and conjunctival epithelial morphology, proliferation, and conjunctival goblet cell differentiation. Aqueous tear production was inhibited by applying transdermal scopolamine (scop) patches to the depilated midtail of female MC, CBA mice. Desiccating environmental stress was created by placing mice in a hood with a continuous airflow blower. Aqueous tear production and volume, tear clearance, and corneal barrier function were compared in four experimental groups: untreated control mice, mice placed in the blower hood, mice treated with a scop patch, and mice treated with a scop patch and blower hood (scop patch + blower). Cotton threads were used to evaluate aqueous tear production and volume. Tear clearance was assessed by fluorometric measurement of collected tear fluid 15 minutes after instillation of 1% sodium fluorescein. Corneal epithelial barrier function was assessed by fluorometric measurement of carboxyfluorescein uptake. Conjunctival morphology and goblet cell density were evaluated in stained histologic sections. Conjunctival epithelial proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Significant decreases in cotton thread wetting and tear clearance were observed in mice treated with a scop patch (P < 0.001) or with a scop patch and blower desiccation (P < 0.001), with a greater reduction in tear clearance in the latter group. Significantly increased corneal carboxyfluorescein uptake was noted in the scop patch group compared with untreated mice (P = 0.05) and in the scop patch + blower group compared with all the other groups (P < 0.0001). Changes in conjunctival epithelial morphology and a significant decrease in conjunctival goblet cell density (P < 0.001) were observed in the scop patch + blower group compared with the untreated control group. The number of proliferating conjunctival epithelial cells was significantly greater in the scop patch + blower group. Pharmacologic inhibition of tear production in mice is accompanied by ocular surface epithelial changes resembling human keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) that are exacerbated by desiccating environmental stress. Cholinergic stimulated tear production appears to be essential for maintaining a healthy ocular surface.
              Article 0 comments Cited 51 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Joon‐Young Kim:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-6269
                canvet@hanafos.com , canvet@konkuk.ac.kr
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2053-1095
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMS3
                Title: Veterinary Medicine and Science
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2053-1095
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2023
                Publication date Collection: January 2024
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.1002/vms3.v10.1 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1334
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Gwangjin‐Gu Seoul Republic of Korea
                [ 2 ] Graduate School of Urban Public Health & Department of Urban Big Data Convergence University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
                [ 3 ] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Alpert Medical School, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
                [ 4 ] KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science Konkuk University Gwangjin‐Gu Seoul Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Joon‐Young Kim, Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong‐ro, Gwangjin‐Gu 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

                Email: canvet@ 123456hanafos.com ; canvet@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-5912
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-6269
                Article
                Publisher ID: VMS31334
                DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1334
                PMC ID: 10766051
                PubMed ID: 38100149
                SO-VID: 2b1405e4-7ec2-4a47-8dd8-e6485b515f90
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date revision received : 02 November 2023
                Date received : 13 August 2023
                Date accepted : 03 December 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 7, Words: 4537
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date January 2024
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.3.6 mode:remove_FC converted:04.01.2024

                Keywords: blink rate,dry eye syndrome,schirmer tear test‐1,tear clearance rate,tear film breakup time,tear meniscus height
                Data availability:
                Keywords: blink rate, dry eye syndrome, schirmer tear test‐1, tear clearance rate, tear film breakup time, tear meniscus height

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