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      Is Open Access

      Genome of tiny predator with big appetite

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: BMC Biology
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          The capture and enslavement of eukaryotic algae by unicellular predators to acquire photosynthesis was a major driving force in early eukaryotic diversification. A genome presented in BMC Biology provides a glimpse of how such a tiny predator might have preyed on red algae and detained them to create new lineages of photosynthetic organisms.

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          The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus.

          S Zauner, U Maier, Caitlin M S Douglas … (2001)
          Chromophyte algae differ fundamentally from plants in possessing chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll c and that have a more complex bounding-membrane topology. Although chromophytes are known to be evolutionary chimaeras of a red alga and a non-photosynthetic host, which gave rise to their exceptional membrane complexity, their cell biology is poorly understood. Cryptomonads are the only chromophytes that still retain the enslaved red algal nucleus as a minute nucleomorph. Here we report complete sequences for all three nucleomorph chromosomes from the cryptomonad Guillardia theta. This tiny 551-kilobase eukaryotic genome is the most gene-dense known, with only 17 diminutive spliceosomal introns and 44 overlapping genes. Marked evolutionary compaction hundreds of millions of years ago eliminated nearly all the nucleomorph genes for metabolic functions, but left 30 for chloroplast-located proteins. To allow expression of these proteins, nucleomorphs retain hundreds of genetic-housekeeping genes. Nucleomorph DNA replication and periplastid protein synthesis require the import of many nuclear gene products across endoplasmic reticulum and periplastid membranes. The chromosomes have centromeres, but possibly only one loop domain, offering a means for studying eukaryotic chromosome replication, segregation and evolution.
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            Protein import and the origin of red complex plastids.

            Sven B. Gould, Uwe-G. Maier, William Martin (2015)
            The number and nature of endosymbioses involving red algal endosymbionts are debated. Gene phylogenies have become the most popular tool to untangle this issue, but they deliver conflicting results. As gene and lineage sampling has increased, so have both the number of conflicting trees and the number of suggestions in the literature for multiple tertiary, and even quaternary, symbioses that might reconcile the tree conflicts. Independent lines of evidence that can address the issue are needed. Here we summarize the mechanism and machinery of protein import into complex red plastids. The process involves protein translocation machinery, known as SELMA, that arose once in evolution, that facilitates protein import across the second outermost of the four plastid membranes, and that is always targeted specifically to that membrane, regardless of where it is encoded today. It is widely accepted that the unity of protein import across the two membranes of primary plastids is strong evidence for their single cyanobacterial origin. Similarly, the unity of SELMA-dependent protein import across the second outermost plastid membrane constitutes strong evidence for the existence of a single red secondary endosymbiotic event at the common origin of all red complex plastids. We furthermore propose that the two outer membranes of red complex plastids are derived from host endoplasmic reticulum in the initial red secondary endosymbiotic event.
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              Goniomonas: rRNA sequences indicate that this phagotrophic flagellate is a close relative of the host component of cryptomonads

              P.R. Gilson, G.I. Mcfadden, D.R.A. Hill (2007)
              Article 0 comments Cited 16 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Geoffrey Ian McFadden: gim@unimelb.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Biol
                Title: BMC Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-7007
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 November 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 November 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 16
                Electronic Location Identifier: 140
                Affiliations
                School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 610
                DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0610-8
                PMC ID: 6260725
                PubMed ID: 30482182
                SO-VID: 30f9ce50-4130-40d0-9f61-c5df757447c6
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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