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      CARACTERIZACIÓN FISICOQUÍMICA Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE PROPÓLEOS RECOLECTADOS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL ATLÁNTICO, COLOMBIA Translated title: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PROPOLIS COLLECTED IN THE ATLÁNTIC DEPARTMENT, COLOMBIA

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          Abstract

          Se realizó una comparación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los propóleos recolectados en los municipios de Galapa, Sabanalarga, Santo Tomás y Juan de Acosta, del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia). Adicionalmente, se estableció la actividad antioxidante in vitro de los extractos etanólicos de propóleos (EEP), mediante las técnicas de DPPH, ABTS, FRAP y ORAC. El análisis fisicoquímico de los propóleos mostró valores de 8,48 - 24,21%, 1,77 - 6,07%, 55,57 - 77,93%, 5,74 - 11,69% y 0,35 - 3,86%, para el EEP, ceras, insolubles, humedad y cenizas, respectivamente. La determinación para los fenoles totales, se encuentra entre 63,72 y 94,55mg, de ácido gálico/g de muestra. Las absorbancias específicas de los EEP estuvieron dentro del rango de 26 a 96 y el contenido de flavonoides totales mostró valores entre 1,90 y 3,36mg, de quercetina/g de muestra. De los extractos, el que presentó mayor capacidad antioxidante fue el propóleos, recolectado en el municipio de Galapa, con los siguientes valores DPPH: 190,41 TEAC (µmol/g), ABTS: 1918,41 TEAC (µmol/g) y FRAP: 321,27 AEAC (µmol/g) y el segundo valor más alto en ORAC (1964,80 µmol Trolox/g de propóleos). Los resultados obtenidos indican que los propóleos estudiados presentaron variación en las propiedades fisicoquímicas. Los valores de algunos de los parámetros fisicoquímicos estimados no cumplieron con las normativas de calidad establecidas internacionalmente; no obstante, los extractos etanólicos de propóleos evaluados presentaron un alto contenido de fenoles, los cuales, están relacionados con las propiedades antioxidantes encontradas experimentalmente.

          Translated abstract

          A comparison of the physicochemical properties of the propolis collected in the Galapa, Sabanalarga, Santo Tomás and Juan de Acosta's municipalities of the Atlantic department (Colombia) was made. Additionally, the in vitros antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) through the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC methods was established. The physicochemical analysis of propolis indicated values between 8.48 - 24.21%, 1.77 - 6.07%, 55.57 - 77.93%, 5.74 - 11.69% and 0.35 - 3.86%, for EEP, waxes, insoluble residues, humidity and ashes respectively. The determination for the total phenolic content was between 63.72 and 94.55mg of gallic acid/g of sample. The EEP's specific absorbance ranged from 26 to 96 and the total flavonoid content showed values between 1.90 and 3.36mg of quercetin/g of sample. The extract that showed the highest antioxidant capacity was the propolis collected in the municipality of Galapa with the following values, DPPH: 190,41 TEAC (µmol/g), ABTS: 1918,41 TEAC (µmol/g), FRAP: 321,27 AEAC (µmol/g), and the second highest value in ORAC (1964,80 µmol TROLOX/g of propolis). The results obtained indicated that the propolis studied showed a variation in its physicochemical properties. Some of the estimated physicochemical parameter values did not fulfill the established international quality regulations. Nevertheless, the ethanol extracts of the evaluated propolis presented a high content of phenols, related with the antioxidant properties found experimentally.

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          Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization.

          Chemical variability of propolis is discussed with respect to the problem of standardization. Several chemical types of propolis are formulated, based on their plant source. Reliable criteria for chemical standardization of different propolis types are needed but such generally accepted criteria do not yet exist. The chemical profile of "poplar" propolis, typical for the temperate zone, can be characterized by the following parameters: total flavone and flavonol content, total flavanone and dihydroflavonol content, and total phenolics content. These parameters correlate better with the biological activity and are more informative that the quantification of individual components. There is still a lot of work to be done to achieve standardization of other propolis types. Working with standardized material will allow scientists to connect a particular chemical propolis type to a specific type of biological activity and formulate recommendations for mainstream practitioners.
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            Propolis and the immune system: a review.

            Propolis has been used empirically for centuries and it was always mentioned as an immunomodulatory agent. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo assays provided new information concerning its mechanisms of action, thus a review dealing with propolis and the immune system became imperative. This review compiles data from our laboratory as well as from other researchers, focusing on its chemical composition and botanical sources, the seasonal effect on its composition and biological properties, its immunomodulatory and antitumor properties, considering its effects on antibody production and on different cells of the immune system, involving the innate and adaptive immune response. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated the modulatory action of propolis on murine peritoneal macrophages, increasing their microbicidal activity. Its stimulant action on the lytic activity of natural killer cells against tumor cells, and on antibody production was demonstrated. Propolis inhibitory effects on lymphoproliferation may be associated to its anti-inflammatory property. In immunological assays, the best results were observed when propolis was administered over a short-term to animals. Propolis antitumor property and its anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential are discussed. Since humans have used propolis for different purposes and propolis-containing products have been marketed, the knowledge of its properties with scientific basis is not only of academic interest but also of those who use propolis as well. This review opens a new perspective on the investigation of propolis biological properties, mainly with respect to the immune system.
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              Recent trends and important developments in propolis research

              The newest developments in propolis pharmacological research are summarized. The problem regarding biological studies, caused by the chemical variability of propolis, is discussed. The most important trends and developments in recent propolis research are outlined: biological studies performed with chemically characterized samples, bioassay-guided studies of active principles and comparative biological studies of propolis of different origin and chemical composition. These types of studies are extremely valuable with respect to propolis standardization and practical applications in therapy. They will allow scientists to connect a particular chemical propolis type to a specific type of biological activity and formulate recommendations for practitioners.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rudca
                Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica
                rev.udcaactual.divulg.cient.
                Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (Bogotá )
                0123-4226
                December 2012
                : 15
                : 2
                : 303-311
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [3 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [4 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [5 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [6 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                Article
                S0123-42262012000200007
                3169565b-935e-42b2-9667-b64d59ea7ae1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0123-4226&lng=en
                Categories
                MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

                Propolis,phenolic compounds,physicochemical properties,antioxidant properties,Propóleos,compuestos fenólicos,caracterización fisicoquímica,capacidad antioxidante

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