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      Teoría de la mente y empatía. Repercusiones en la aceptación por los iguales en niños y niñas de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria Translated title: Theory of mind and empathy. Repercussions on peer acceptance in Pre-school Primary and Secondary Education children

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          Abstract

          Resumen La teoría de la mente (ToM) y la empatía son habilidades que desempeñan un papel central en la interacción social. Avances recientes en neurociencia cognitiva están contribuyendo a distinguir un componente cognitivo y un componente afectivo tanto en ToM como en empatía y, con ello, a definir la relación conceptual entre ellos. Este estudio pretende explorar en la repercusión de las habilidades de ToM cognitiva, ToM afectiva, empatía cognitiva y empatía afectiva sobre la aceptación social de niños y niñas; además, pretende indagar en la contribución relativa de estos factores en las edades que corresponden, respectivamente, a Educación Infantil, Educación Primaria y Educación Secundaria. El número total de participantes fue de 127 de tres grupos de edad: 4-5 años (N=31), 7-8 años (N=38), 12-14 años (N=58). Se les administraron una selección de tareas de ToM, la Escala Básica de Empatía y un cuestionario sociométrico. Los resultados confirman una relación positiva entre empatía afectiva y aceptación entre iguales en las edades de 4-5 años; una relación negativa entre ToM y aceptación por los iguales en la edad de 7-8 años; y una relación positiva entre empatía cognitiva y aceptación entre iguales en el periodo de 12-14 años. La atribución de estados mentales y la empatía son variables útiles para percibir las señales del entorno social y hacer un uso correcto de ellas permite la adaptación al grupo, pero no tienen la misma relevancia en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Theory of Mind (ToM) and empathy are skills that play a crucial role in social interaction. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience are contributing to distinguishing between the cognitive and affective components of ToM and empathy, thus defining a conceptual relationship between them. This study analysed the impact of cognitive ToM, affective ToM, cognitive empathy, and affective empathy on the social acceptance of children. It also investigated the relative contribution of these factors in pre-school, primary school, and secondary school children. There were 127 participants in three age groups: 4 to 5 years (N = 31), 7 to 8 years (N = 38), and 12 to 14 years (N = 58). They were administered a selection of ToM tasks, the Basic Empathy Scale, and a sociometric questionnaire. The results confirmed a positive association between affective empathy and peer acceptance in the 4 to 5 year age group, a negative association between ToM and peer acceptance in the 7 to 8 year age group, and a positive association between cognitive empathy and peer acceptance in the 12 to 14 year age group. The attribution of mental states and empathy is useful in the perception of signals in the social environment and its appropriate use allows adaptation to the group. However, its relevance changes according to the different stages of development.

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          Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain.

          Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.
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            The functional architecture of human empathy.

            Empathy accounts for the naturally occurring subjective experience of similarity between the feelings expressed by self and others without loosing sight of whose feelings belong to whom. Empathy involves not only the affective experience of the other person's actual or inferred emotional state but also some minimal recognition and understanding of another's emotional state. In light of multiple levels of analysis ranging from developmental psychology, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and clinical neuropsychology, this article proposes a model of empathy that involves parallel and distributed processing in a number of dissociable computational mechanisms. Shared neural representations, self-awareness, mental flexibility, and emotion regulation constitute the basic macrocomponents of empathy, which are underpinned by specific neural systems. This functional model may be used to make specific predictions about the various empathy deficits that can be encountered in different forms of social and neurological disorders.
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              Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ep
                Escritos de Psicología (Internet)
                Escritos de Psicología
                Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Málaga (Málaga, Málaga, Spain )
                1138-2635
                1989-3809
                April 2018
                : 11
                : 1
                : 10-24
                Affiliations
                [1] Málaga Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Málaga orgdiv1Departamento de Psicología evolutiva y de la Educación Spain
                Article
                S1989-38092018000100002
                10.5231/psy.writ.2018.0105
                3209e4c2-a217-4bdc-8f80-eccdd26b26ce

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 December 2017
                : 01 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Informes de Investigación

                empatía afectiva,theory of mind,cognitive ToM,affective ToM,cognitive empathy,affective empathy,peer acceptance,teoría de la mente,ToM cognitiva,ToM afectiva,empatía cognitiva,aceptación entre iguales

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