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      C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications

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          Abstract

          C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.

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          Symbiotic bacteria direct expression of an intestinal bactericidal lectin.

          Heather L Cash, Cecilia V. Whitham, Cassie Behrendt … (2006)
          The mammalian intestine harbors complex societies of beneficial bacteria that are maintained in the lumen with minimal penetration of mucosal surfaces. Microbial colonization of germ-free mice triggers epithelial expression of RegIIIgamma, a secreted C-type lectin. RegIIIgamma binds intestinal bacteria but lacks the complement recruitment domains present in other microbe-binding mammalian C-type lectins. We show that RegIIIgamma and its human counterpart, HIP/PAP, are directly antimicrobial proteins that bind their bacterial targets via interactions with peptidoglycan carbohydrate. We propose that these proteins represent an evolutionarily primitive form of lectin-mediated innate immunity, and that they reveal intestinal strategies for maintaining symbiotic host-microbial relationships.
          Article 0 comments Cited 459 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle

            Eri Taniguchi Ishikawa, Tetsuaki Ishikawa, Yasu S Morita … (2009)
            Tuberculosis remains a fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which contains various unique components that affect the host immune system. Trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate (TDM; also called cord factor) is a mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid that is the most studied immunostimulatory component of M. tuberculosis. Despite five decades of research on TDM, its host receptor has not been clearly identified. Here, we demonstrate that macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is an essential receptor for TDM. Heat-killed mycobacteria activated Mincle-expressing cells, but the activity was lost upon delipidation of the bacteria; analysis of the lipid extracts identified TDM as a Mincle ligand. TDM activated macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, which are completely suppressed in Mincle-deficient macrophages. In vivo TDM administration induced a robust elevation of inflammatory cytokines in sera and characteristic lung inflammation, such as granuloma formation. However, no TDM-induced lung granuloma was formed in Mincle-deficient mice. Whole mycobacteria were able to activate macrophages even in MyD88-deficient background, but the activation was significantly diminished in Mincle/MyD88 double-deficient macrophages. These results demonstrate that Mincle is an essential receptor for the mycobacterial glycolipid, TDM.
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              C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis

              Janet Willment, Lauren Whitehead, Gordon Brown (2018)
              The C-type lectins are a superfamily of proteins that recognize a broad repertoire of ligands and that regulate a diverse range of physiological functions. Most research attention has focused on the ability of C-type lectins to function in innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses, but these proteins are increasingly being recognized to have a major role in autoimmune diseases and to contribute to many other aspects of multicellular existence. Defects in these molecules lead to developmental and physiological abnormalities, as well as altered susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this Review, we present an overview of the roles of C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis, with an emphasis on the most exciting recent discoveries.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: July 2020
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5122
                Affiliations
                Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Dimitri.Leonid.Lindenwald@ 123456tiho-hannover.de
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: bernd.lepenies@ 123456tiho-hannover.de ; Tel.: +49-(0)5-11/953-6135
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-1768
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-21-05122
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145122
                PMC ID: 7403975
                PubMed ID: 32698416
                SO-VID: 3369c102-b614-41c2-9f27-ead1f6df965c
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 June 2020
                Date accepted : 17 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: c-type lectin,glycans,immune modulation,comparative immunology,veterinary immunology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: c-type lectin, glycans, immune modulation, comparative immunology, veterinary immunology

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