Spectrum of neuro-developmental disorders in children with congenital hyperinsulinism due to activating mutations in <i>GLUD1</i>

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Abstract

Background

Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is the second most common type of congenital hyperinsulinism caused by an activating GLUD1 mutation.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical profile and long-term neurological outcomes in children with HI/HA syndrome.

Method

This study is a retrospective review of patients with GLUD1 mutation, treated at two centers in the UK and Russia, over a 15-year period. Different risk factors for neuro-developmental disorders were analysed by Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact P test.

Results

We identified 25 cases with GLUD1 mutations (12 males). Median age of presentation was 7 months (12 h–18 months). Hypoglycaemic seizures were the presenting feature in 24 (96%) cases. Twenty four cases responded to diazoxide and protein restriction whilst one patient underwent partial pancreatectomy. In total, 13 cases (52%) developed neurodevelopmental manifestations. Epilepsy ( n = 9/25, 36%), learning difficulties ( n = 8/25, 32%) and speech delay ( n = 8/25, 32%) were the most common neurological manifestation. Median age of presentation for epilepsy was 12 months with generalised tonic-clonic seizures being the most common ( n = 4/9, 44.4%) followed by absence seizures ( n = 3/9, 33.3%). Early age of presentation (P = 0.02), diazoxide dose ( P = 0.04) and a mutation in exon 11 or 12 (P = 0.01) were associated with neurological disorder.

Conclusion

HI/HA syndrome is associated with wide spectrum of neurological disorders. These neurological manifestations were more frequent in cases with mutations affecting the GTP-binding site of GLUD1 in our cohort.

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Most cited references 28

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Clinical and molecular characterisation of 300 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism

Ritika R Kapoor, Sarah Flanagan, Ved Arya … (2013)

Background Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a clinically heterogeneous condition. Mutations in eight genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, HNF4A and HNF1A) are known to cause CHI. Aim To characterise the clinical and molecular aspects of a large cohort of patients with CHI. Methodology Three hundred patients were recruited and clinical information was collected before genotyping. ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes were analysed in all patients. Mutations in GLUD1, HADH, GCK and HNF4A genes were sought in patients with diazoxide-responsive CHI with hyperammonaemia (GLUD1), raised 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine and/or consanguinity (HADH), positive family history (GCK) or when CHI was diagnosed within the first week of life (HNF4A). Results Mutations were identified in 136/300 patients (45.3%). Mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were the commonest genetic cause identified (n=109, 36.3%). Among diazoxide-unresponsive patients (n=105), mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were identified in 92 (87.6%) patients, of whom 63 patients had recessively inherited mutations while four patients had dominantly inherited mutations. A paternal mutation in the ABCC8/KCNJ11 genes was identified in 23 diazoxide-unresponsive patients, of whom six had diffuse disease. Among the diazoxide-responsive patients (n=183), mutations were identified in 41 patients (22.4%). These include mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 (n=15), HNF4A (n=7), GLUD1 (n=16) and HADH (n=3). Conclusions A genetic diagnosis was made for 45.3% of patients in this large series. Mutations in the ABCC8 gene were the commonest identifiable cause. The vast majority of patients with diazoxide-responsive CHI (77.6%) had no identifiable mutations, suggesting other genetic and/or environmental mechanisms.

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Congenital Hyperinsulinism: Diagnosis and Treatment Update

Huseyin Demirbilek, Khalid Hussain (2017)

Pancreatic β-cells are finely tuned to secrete insulin so that plasma glucose levels are maintained within a narrow physiological range (3.5-5.5 mmol/L). Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is the inappropriate secretion of insulin in the presence of low plasma glucose levels and leads to severe and persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and children. Mutations in 12 different key genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, UCP2, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, PGM1 and PMM2) that are involved in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells have been described to be responsible for the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to congenital HH. In HH due to the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis and ketogenesis there is suppressed ketone body formation in the presence of hypoglycaemia thus leading to increased risk of hypoglycaemic brain injury. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and immediate management of HH is essential to avoid hypoglycaemic brain injury and long-term neurological complications in children. Advances in molecular genetics, imaging techniques (18F-DOPA positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning), medical therapy and surgical advances (laparoscopic and open pancreatectomy) have changed the management and improved the outcome of patients with HH. This review article provides an overview to the background, clinical presentation, diagnosis, molecular genetics and therapy in children with different forms of HH.

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Hyperinsulinism–hyperammonaemia syndrome: novel mutations in the GLUD1 gene and genotype–phenotype correlations

Ritika R Kapoor, Sarah Flanagan, Piers Fulton … (2009)

Background Activating mutations in the GLUD1 gene (which encodes for the intra-mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH) cause the hyperinsulinism–hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome. Patients present with HA and leucine-sensitive hypoglycaemia. GDH is regulated by another intra-mitochondrial enzyme sirtuin 4 (SIRT4). Sirt4 knockout mice demonstrate activation of GDH with increased amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion. Objectives To study the genotype–phenotype correlations in patients with GLUD1 mutations. To report the phenotype and functional analysis of a novel mutation (P436L) in the GLUD1 gene associated with the absence of HA. Patients and methods Twenty patients with HI from 16 families had mutational analysis of the GLUD1 gene in view of HA (n=19) or leucine sensitivity (n=1). Patients negative for a GLUD1 mutation had sequence analysis of the SIRT4 gene. Functional analysis of the novel P436L GLUD1 mutation was performed. Results Heterozygous missense mutations were detected in 15 patients with HI/HA, 2 of which are novel (N410D and D451V). In addition, a patient with a normal serum ammonia concentration (21 μmol/l) was heterozygous for a novel missense mutation P436L. Functional analysis of this mutation confirms that it is associated with a loss of GTP inhibition. Seizure disorder was common (43%) in our cohort of patients with a GLUD1 mutation. No mutations in the SIRT4 gene were identified. Conclusion Patients with HI due to mutations in the GLUD1 gene may have normal serum ammonia concentrations. Hence, GLUD1 mutational analysis may be indicated in patients with leucine sensitivity; even in the absence of HA. A high frequency of epilepsy (43%) was observed in our patients with GLUD1 mutations.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Endocr Connect

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Endocr Connect

Journal ID (hwp): EC

Title: Endocrine Connections

Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-3614

Publication date (Electronic): 11 August 2022

Publication date Collection: 01 March 2023

Volume: 12

Issue: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: e220008

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Paediatric Endocrinology , Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK

[2 ]Department of Paediatric Endocrinology , Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

[3 ]The Genomics Laboratory , Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK

[4 ]Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science , University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

Author notes

Correspondence should be addressed to M Melikyan or P Shah: melikian.maria@ 123456gmail.com or drshahp@ 123456gmail.com

*(S Aftab and D Gubaeva contributed equally to this work)

^†(S Aftab is now at Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children’s Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan)

^‡(D Gubaeva is now at Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK)

^§(E Sotiridou is now at Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK)

^¶(M Melikyan is now at Mkhitar Heratsi Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia)

^║(P Shah is now at Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal London Children’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK)

Author information

Sommayya Aftab http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2397-4698

Diliara Gubaeva http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-2869

Anatoly Tiulpakov http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-4841

Pratik Shah http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-8297

Article

Publisher ID: EC-22-0008

DOI: 10.1530/EC-22-0008

PMC ID: 10077222

PubMed ID: 35951311

SO-VID: 33b740a2-e24f-4d6b-bb2b-c21ca7353fb6

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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Spectrum of neuro-developmental disorders in children with congenital hyperinsulinism due to activating mutations in GLUD1

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Bioscientifica Open Endocrinology

Most cited references 28

Clinical and molecular characterisation of 300 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism

Congenital Hyperinsulinism: Diagnosis and Treatment Update

Hyperinsulinism–hyperammonaemia syndrome: novel mutations in the GLUD1 gene and genotype–phenotype correlations

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