The Evolving Microbiome from Pregnancy to Early Infancy: A Comprehensive Review

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Abstract

Pregnancy induces a number of immunological, hormonal, and metabolic changes that are necessary for the mother to adapt her body to this new physiological situation. The microbiome of the mother, the placenta and the fetus influence the fetus growth and undoubtedly plays a major role in the adequate development of the newborn infant. Hence, the microbiome modulates the inflammatory mechanisms related to physiological and pathological processes that are involved in the perinatal progress through different mechanisms. The present review summarizes the actual knowledge related to physiological changes in the microbiota occurring in the mother, the fetus, and the child, both during neonatal period and beyond. In addition, we approach some specific pathological situations during the perinatal periods, as well as the influence of the type of delivery and feeding.

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Most cited references 95

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Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD.

William Walters, Zech Xu, Rob Knight (2014)

Recent studies have linked human gut microbes to obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, but consistent signals have been difficult to identify. Here we test for indicator taxa and general features of the microbiota that are generally consistent across studies of obesity and of IBD, focusing on studies involving high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (which we could process using a common computational pipeline). We find that IBD has a consistent signature across studies and allows high classification accuracy of IBD from non-IBD subjects, but that although subjects can be classified as lean or obese within each individual study with statistically significant accuracy, consistent with the ability of the microbiota to experimentally transfer this phenotype, signatures of obesity are not consistent between studies even when the data are analyzed with consistent methods. The results suggest that correlations between microbes and clinical conditions with different effect sizes (e.g. the large effect size of IBD versus the small effect size of obesity) may require different cohort selection and analysis strategies.

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Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age.

T. Abrahamsson, H. Jakobsson, A. Andersson … (2014)

Low total diversity of the gut microbiota during the first year of life is associated with allergic diseases in infancy, but little is known how early microbial diversity is related to allergic disease later in school age. To assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool during the first year of life in relation to the prevalence of different allergic diseases in school age, such as asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and eczema. The microbial diversity and composition was analysed with barcoded 16S rDNA 454 pyrosequencing in stool samples at 1 week, 1 month and 12 months of age in 47 infants which were subsequently assessed for allergic disease and skin prick test reactivity at 7 years of age (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01285830). Children developing asthma (n = 8) had a lower diversity of the total microbiota than non-asthmatic children at 1 week (P = 0.04) and 1 month (P = 0.003) of age, whereas allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (n = 13), eczema (n = 12) and positive skin prick reactivity (n = 14) at 7 years of age did not associate with the gut microbiota diversity. Neither was asthma associated with the microbiota composition later in infancy (at 12 months). Children having IgE-associated eczema in infancy and subsequently developing asthma had lower microbial diversity than those that did not. There were no significant differences, however, in relative abundance of bacterial phyla and genera between children with or without allergic disease. Low total diversity of the gut microbiota during the first month of life was associated with asthma but not ARC in children at 7 years of age. Measures affecting microbial colonization of the infant during the first month of life may impact asthma development in childhood. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

Roberto Romero González, Sonia Hassan, Pawel Gajer … (2014)

Background This study was undertaken to characterize the vaginal microbiota throughout normal human pregnancy using sequence-based techniques. We compared the vaginal microbial composition of non-pregnant patients with a group of pregnant women who delivered at term. Results A retrospective case–control longitudinal study was designed and included non-pregnant women (n = 32) and pregnant women who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks) without complications (n = 22). Serial samples of vaginal fluid were collected from both non-pregnant and pregnant patients. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based survey was conducted using pyrosequencing to characterize the structure and stability of the vaginal microbiota. Linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used to identify the phylotypes whose relative abundance was different between the two study groups. The vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women was different from that of non-pregnant women (higher abundance of Lactobacillus vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii and lower abundance of 22 other phylotypes in pregnant women). Bacterial community state type (CST) IV-B or CST IV-A characterized by high relative abundance of species of genus Atopobium as well as the presence of Prevotella, Sneathia, Gardnerella, Ruminococcaceae, Parvimonas, Mobiluncus and other taxa previously shown to be associated with bacterial vaginosis were less frequent in normal pregnancy. The stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women was higher than that of non-pregnant women; however, during normal pregnancy, bacterial communities shift almost exclusively from one CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. to another CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Conclusion We report the first longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiota in normal pregnancy. Differences in the composition and stability of the microbial community between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed. Lactobacillus spp. were the predominant members of the microbial community in normal pregnancy. These results can serve as the basis to study the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients

Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients

Title: Nutrients

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643

Publication date (Electronic): 02 January 2020

Publication date Collection: January 2020

Volume: 12

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 133

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain

[2 ]ibs.GRANADA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain

[3 ]Neonatology Unit, University Hospital Cruces, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; begona.loureirogonzalez@ 123456osakidetza.eus

[4 ]Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; iglesia@ 123456unizar.es

[5 ]Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; gerard@ 123456unizar.es

[6 ]BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Deu and Hospital Clínic), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; sfernandezgo@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (S.F.G.); ogarciaa@ 123456clinic.cat (O.G.A.); lgomezroig@ 123456hsjdbcn.org (D.G.R.); mperezc@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (M.P.G.); viandreu@ 123456clinic.cat (V.A.-F.); jclotet@ 123456clinic.cat (J.C.); sebastiansailer34@ 123456gmail.com (S.S.); iiglesias@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (I.I.-P.)

[7 ]Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08028 Barcelona, Spain

[8 ]Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, High Risk Unit, Sant Pau University Hospital, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; llurba@ 123456yahoo.es

[9 ]Women and Perinatal Health Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Sant Pau University Hospital, 08041 Barcelona, Spain

[10 ]School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

[11 ]Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain

[12 ]Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Departamento de Salud Pública y Materno infantil, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; mjsolana@ 123456hotmail.com (M.J.S.); pielvi@ 123456hotmail.com (J.L.-H.)

[13 ]Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, 39008 Cantabria, Spain; mariajesuscabero@ 123456gmail.com

[14 ]Servicio de Pediatría, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; tsainzcosta@ 123456gmail.com (T.S.); ccalvorey@ 123456gmail.com (C.C.)

[15 ]Instituto de Investigación Hospital la Paz (IdiPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain; leopoldo.martinez@ 123456salud.madrid.org (L.M.); rosa.aras@ 123456hotmail.com (R.A.)

[16 ]Red de investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain

[17 ]Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain

[18 ]Donated Milk Bank, Health Research Institute i + 12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; diana.e.vieco@ 123456gmail.com (D.E.-V.); kpallas.hdoc@ 123456gmail.com (C.P.-A.)

[19 ]Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; annaparrallorca@ 123456gmail.com (A.P.-L.); Maximo.Vento@ 123456uv.es (M.V.); mgormi@ 123456yahoo.es (M.G.)

[20 ]Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; medit2011@ 123456gmail.com (M.S.-C.); elvirada@ 123456um.es (E.L.D.)

[21 ]Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

[22 ]Neonatology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

[23 ]Department of Neonatology La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain

[24 ]European Network of Excellence for Pediatric Clinical Research, 27100 Bari, Italy

[25 ]Department of Paediatrics-Neonatology Quironsalud, Madrid University Hospital and Biomedical Research Foundation-IDIPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; fernando.cabanas@ 123456quironsalud.es

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: mdmesa@ 123456ugr.es ; Tel.: +34-958-246187

[†]

All the authors are the members of SAMID Network. RETICS funded by the PN I+D+I 2018–2021 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), ref. RD16/0022.

Author information

María Dolores Mesa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-6464

Iris Iglesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-3646

Oscar García Algar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-4362

Talia Sainz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-0945

María Sánchez-Campillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-8341

Vicente Andreu-Fernández https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7183-8706

Jesús López-Herce https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-9178

Carmen Pallás-Alonso https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-8162

Miguel Saenz de Pipaon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-1561

Máximo Vento https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-4742

Cristina Calvo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6503-3423

Article

Publisher ID: nutrients-12-00133

DOI: 10.3390/nu12010133

PMC ID: 7019214

PubMed ID: 31906588

SO-VID: 35faa4f1-b367-40cc-a10e-4d1d77b306d9

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The Evolving Microbiome from Pregnancy to Early Infancy: A Comprehensive Review

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 95

Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD.

Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age.

The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

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