Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future

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Abstract

Xanthomonads, members of the family Xanthomonadaceae, are economically important plant pathogenic bacteria responsible for infections of over 400 plant species. Bacteriophage-based biopesticides can provide an environmentally friendly, effective solution to control these bacteria. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol has important advantages over chemical pesticides, and treatment with these biopesticides is a minor intervention into the microflora. However, bacteriophages’ agricultural application has limitations rooted in these viruses’ biological properties as active substances. These disadvantageous features, together with the complicated registration process of bacteriophage-based biopesticides, means that there are few products available on the market. This review summarizes our knowledge of the Xanthomonas-host plant and bacteriophage-host bacterium interaction’s possible influence on bacteriophage-based biocontrol strategies and provides examples of greenhouse and field trials and products readily available in the EU and the USA. It also details the most important advantages and limitations of the agricultural application of bacteriophages. This paper also investigates the legal background and industrial property right issues of bacteriophage-based biopesticides. When appropriately applied, bacteriophages can provide a promising tool against xanthomonads, a possibility that is untapped. Information presented in this review aims to explore the potential of bacteriophage-based biopesticides in the control of xanthomonads in the future.

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Most cited references 184

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Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice.

Joseph Edwards, Cameron Johnson, Christian Santos-Medellín … (2015)

Plants depend upon beneficial interactions between roots and microbes for nutrient availability, growth promotion, and disease suppression. High-throughput sequencing approaches have provided recent insights into root microbiomes, but our current understanding is still limited relative to animal microbiomes. Here we present a detailed characterization of the root-associated microbiomes of the crop plant rice by deep sequencing, using plants grown under controlled conditions as well as field cultivation at multiple sites. The spatial resolution of the study distinguished three root-associated compartments, the endosphere (root interior), rhizoplane (root surface), and rhizosphere (soil close to the root surface), each of which was found to harbor a distinct microbiome. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, microbiome composition varied with soil source and genotype. In field conditions, geographical location and cultivation practice, namely organic vs. conventional, were factors contributing to microbiome variation. Rice cultivation is a major source of global methane emissions, and methanogenic archaea could be detected in all spatial compartments of field-grown rice. The depth and scale of this study were used to build coabundance networks that revealed potential microbial consortia, some of which were involved in methane cycling. Dynamic changes observed during microbiome acquisition, as well as steady-state compositions of spatial compartments, support a multistep model for root microbiome assembly from soil wherein the rhizoplane plays a selective gating role. Similarities in the distribution of phyla in the root microbiomes of rice and other plants suggest that conclusions derived from this study might be generally applicable to land plants.

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Crop losses to pests

E-C Oerke (2005)

The Journal of Agricultural Science, 144(1), 31-43 ["Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.", "Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.", "The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests."]

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Biofilms: the matrix revisited.

Steven Branda, Shild Vik, Lisa Friedman … (2005)

Microbes often construct and live within surface-associated multicellular communities known as biofilms. The precise structure, chemistry and physiology of the biofilm all vary with the nature of its resident microbes and local environment. However, an important commonality among biofilms is that their structural integrity critically depends upon an extracellular matrix produced by their constituent cells. Extracellular matrices might be as diverse as biofilms, and they contribute significantly to the organization of the community. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the extracellular matrix and its role in biofilm biology.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Michael Hynes: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms

Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms

Title: Microorganisms

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607

Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2021

Publication date Collection: May 2021

Volume: 9

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 1056

Affiliations

[1 ]Départements of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; emilio.stefani@ 123456unimore.it (E.S.); irem.altin@ 123456unimore.it (I.A.)

[2 ]Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia; aleksao@ 123456agrif.bg.ac.rs

[3 ]Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia; gasickatarina@ 123456yahoo.com

[4 ]Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corp., Kertvaros u. 2, 7632 Pecs, Hungary; nagy.ildi.kata@ 123456gmail.com

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: microbiology@ 123456kovacstamas.com

Author information

Emilio Stefani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-022X

Aleksa Obradović https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9425-3871

Katarina Gašić https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2280-4582

Irem Altin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-9894

Tamás Kovács https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-8136

Article

Publisher ID: microorganisms-09-01056

DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051056

PMC ID: 8153558

PubMed ID: 34068401

SO-VID: 3719db86-278c-4299-af40-5cd0d1dcf190

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future

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Entomologia Generalis

Most cited references 184

Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice.

Crop losses to pests

Biofilms: the matrix revisited.

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