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      The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions

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          Abstract

          Callose is an important linear form of polysaccharide synthesized in plant cell walls. It is mainly composed of β-1,3-linked glucose residues with rare amount of β-1,6-linked branches. Callose can be detected in almost all plant tissues and are widely involved in various stages of plant growth and development. Callose is accumulated on plant cell plates, microspores, sieve plates, and plasmodesmata in cell walls and is inducible upon heavy metal treatment, pathogen invasion, and mechanical wounding. Callose in plant cells is synthesized by callose synthases located on the cell membrane. The chemical composition of callose and the components of callose synthases were once controversial until the application of molecular biology and genetics in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that led to the cloning of genes encoding synthases responsible for callose biosynthesis. This minireview summarizes the research progress of plant callose and its synthetizing enzymes in recent years to illustrate the important and versatile role of callose in plant life activities.

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          Callose biosynthesis regulates symplastic trafficking during root development.

          Anne Vatén, Jan Dettmer, Shuang Wu … (2011)
          Plant cells are connected through plasmodesmata (PD), membrane-lined channels that allow symplastic movement of molecules between cells. However, little is known about the role of PD-mediated signaling during plant morphogenesis. Here, we describe an Arabidopsis gene, CALS3/GSL12. Gain-of-function mutations in CALS3 result in increased accumulation of callose (β-1,3-glucan) at the PD, a decrease in PD aperture, defects in root development, and reduced intercellular trafficking. Enhancement of CALS3 expression during phloem development suppressed loss-of-function mutations in the phloem abundant callose synthase, CALS7 indicating that CALS3 is a bona fide callose synthase. CALS3 alleles allowed us to spatially and temporally control the PD aperture between plant tissues. Using this tool, we are able to show that movement of the transcription factor SHORT-ROOT and microRNA165 between the stele and the endodermis is PD dependent. Taken together, we conclude that regulated callose biosynthesis at PD is essential for cell signaling. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Callose synthesis in higher plants.

            Xiong Chen, Wun-Jae Kim (2009)
            Callose is a polysaccharide in the form of beta-1,3-glucan with some beta-1,6-branches and it exists in the cell walls of a wide variety of higher plants. Callose plays important roles during a variety of processes in plant development and/or in response to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. It is now generally believed that callose is produced by callose synthases and that it is degraded by beta-1,3-glucanases. Despite the importance of callose in plants, we have only recently begun to elucidate the molecular mechanism of its synthesis. Molecular and genetic studies in Arabidopsis have identified a set of genes that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of callose. In this mini-review, we highlight recent progress in understanding callose biosynthesis and degradation and discuss the future challenges of unraveling the mechanism(s) by which callose synthase operate.
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              Photoperiodic control of seasonal growth is mediated by ABA acting on cell-cell communication

              R. P. Bhalerao, N. Mähler, T. R. Hvidsten … (2018)
              In temperate and boreal ecosystems, seasonal cycles of growth and dormancy allow perennial plants to adapt to winter conditions. We show, in hybrid aspen trees, that photoperiodic regulation of dormancy is mechanistically distinct from autumnal growth cessation. Dormancy sets in when symplastic inter-cellular communication through plasmodesmata is blocked by a process dependent upon the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). The communication blockage prevents growth-promoting signals from accessing the meristem. Thus, precocious growth is disallowed during dormancy. The dormant period, which supports robust survival of the aspen tree in winter, is due to loss of access to growth promoting signals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Plant Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Plant Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Plant Sci.
                Title: Frontiers in Plant Science
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-462X
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1183402
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha, China
                [2] 2 Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha, China
                [3] 3 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Vincenzo Lionetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

                Reviewed by: Luciana Renna, University of Florence, Italy; Daniele Del Corpo, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

                *Correspondence: Li-Jun Huang, nghua@ 123456126.com

                †ORCID: Ning Li, orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-8551; Li-Jun Huang, orcid.org/0000-0001-8072-5180

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183402
                PMC ID: 10264662
                SO-VID: 372ee4a9-a4e0-4a7c-8b86-894734c9ed78
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Li, Lin, Yu, Zeng, Du and Huang
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 10 March 2023
                Date accepted : 05 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 9, Words: 4299
                Funding
                This work was supported by Training Program for Excellent Young Innovators of Changsha (kq2009016), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31901345), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ31141 and 2020JJ5970), the Education Department of Hunan Province (20A517 and 22B0260), and Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project (CX20210885).
                Categories
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Mini Review
                Custom metadata
                section-in-acceptance Plant Pathogen Interactions

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: callose,glucan-synthase-like,plasmodesmata,cell wall,plant-pathogen interaction
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: callose, glucan-synthase-like, plasmodesmata, cell wall, plant-pathogen interaction

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