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      Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO 2 with environmental stress in plants

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          Abstract

          It is well known that plant photosynthesis and respiration are two fundamental and crucial physiological processes, while the critical role of the antioxidant system in response to abiotic factors is still a focus point for investigating physiological stress. Although one key metabolic process and its response to climatic change have already been reported and reviewed, an integrative review, including several biological processes at multiple scales, has not been well reported. The current review will present a synthesis focusing on the underlying mechanisms in the responses to elevated CO 2 at multiple scales, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and individual aspects, particularly, for these biological processes under elevated CO 2 with other key abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and ozone pollution, as well as nitrogen limitation. The present comprehensive review may add timely and substantial information about the topic in recent studies, while it presents what has been well established in previous reviews. First, an outline of the critical biological processes, and an overview of their roles in environmental regulation, is presented. Second, the research advances with regard to the individual subtopics are reviewed, including the response and adaptation of the photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and antioxidant system to CO 2 enrichment alone, and its combination with other climatic change factors. Finally, the potential applications for plant responses at various levels to climate change are discussed. The above issue is currently of crucial concern worldwide, and this review may help in a better understanding of how plants deal with elevated CO 2 using other mainstream abiotic factors, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and whole individual processes, and the better management of the ecological environment, climate change, and sustainable development.

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          Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

          Farmers and breeders have long known that often it is the simultaneous occurrence of several abiotic stresses, rather than a particular stress condition, that is most lethal to crops. Surprisingly, the co-occurrence of different stresses is rarely addressed by molecular biologists that study plant acclimation. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different abiotic stresses is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.
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            Climate and the Efficiency of Crop Production in Britain [and Discussion]

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              MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2?

              The primary effect of the response of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 (Ca) is to increase resource use efficiency. Elevated Ca reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration and improves water use efficiency, and at the same time it stimulates higher rates of photosynthesis and increases light-use efficiency. Acclimation of photosynthesis during long-term exposure to elevated Ca reduces key enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, and this increases nutrient use efficiency. Improved soil-water balance, increased carbon uptake in the shade, greater carbon to nitrogen ratio, and reduced nutrient quality for insect and animal grazers are all possibilities that have been observed in field studies of the effects of elevated Ca. These effects have major consequences for agriculture and native ecosystems in a world of rising atmospheric Ca and climate change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                10 September 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 701
                Affiliations
                [1] 1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
                [2] 2Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Raul Antonio Sperotto, Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Zhuo Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Tanise Luisa Sausen, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Brazil

                *Correspondence: Zhenzhu Xu and Guangsheng Zhou, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China, xuzz@ 123456ibcas.ac.cn ; gszhou@ 123456ibcas.ac.cn

                This article was submitted to Plant Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2015.00701
                4564695
                26442017
                37ab5e2a-3499-4a36-8d67-05db576e7474
                Copyright © 2015 Xu, Jiang and Zhou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 03 July 2015
                : 21 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 167, Pages: 17, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 41330531, 31170456
                Funded by: China Special Fund for Meteorological Research in the Public Interest (Major projects)
                Award ID: GYHY201506001-3
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Review

                Plant science & Botany
                abiotic stress,antioxidant system,elevated co2,drought,global warming,photosynthesis,respiration

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