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      Next generation tissue engineering of orthopedic soft tissue-to-bone interfaces

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Soft tissue-to-bone interfaces are complex structures that consist of gradients of extracellular matrix materials, cell phenotypes, and biochemical signals. These interfaces, called entheses for ligaments, tendons, and the meniscus, are crucial to joint function, transferring mechanical loads and stabilizing orthopedic joints. When injuries occur to connected soft tissue, the enthesis must be re-established to restore function, but due to structural complexity, repair has proven challenging. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for regenerating these tissues. This prospective review discusses methodologies for tissue engineering the enthesis, outlined in three key design inputs: materials processing methods, cellular contributions, and biochemical factors.

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          Nature’s hierarchical materials

          Peter Fratzl, Richard Weinkamer (2008)
          Article 0 comments Cited 485 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            THE MATERIAL BONE: Structure-Mechanical Function Relations

            S. Weiner, H. Wagner (1998)
            ▪ Abstract The term bone refers to a family of materials, all of which are built up of mineralized collagen fibrils. They have highly complex structures, described in terms of up to 7 hierarchical levels of organization. These materials have evolved to fulfill a variety of mechanical functions, for which the structures are presumably fine-tuned. Matching structure to function is a challenge. Here we review the structure-mechanical relations at each of the hierarchical levels of organization, highlighting wherever possible both underlying strategies and gaps in our knowledge. The insights gained from the study of these fascinating materials are not only important biologically, but may well provide novel ideas that can be applied to the design of synthetic materials.
            Article 0 comments Cited 395 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.

              Neelam Jaiswal, Stephen E. Haynesworth, Arnold I. Caplan … (1997)
              Human bone marrow contains a population of cells capable of differentiating along multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Recently, techniques for the purification and culture-expansion of these human marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been developed. The goals of the current study were to establish a reproducible system for the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs, and to characterize the effect of changes in the microenvironment upon the process. MSCs derived from 2nd or 3rd passage were cultured for 16 days in various base media containing 1 to 1000 nM dexamethasone (Dex), 0.01 to 4 mM L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AsAP) or 0.25 mM ascorbic acid, and 1 to 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate (beta GP). Optimal osteogenic differentiation, as determined by osteoblastic morphology, expression of alkaline phosphatase (APase), reactivity with anti-osteogenic cell surface monoclonal antibodies, modulation of osteocalcin mRNA production, and the formation of a mineralized extracellular matrix containing hydroxyapatite was achieved with DMEM base medium plus 100 nM Dex, 0.05 mM AsAP, and 10 mM beta GP. The formation of a continuously interconnected network of APase-positive cells and mineralized matrix supports the characterization of this progenitor population as homogeneous. While higher initial seeding densities did not affect cell number of APase activity, significantly more mineral was deposited in these cultures, suggesting that events which occur early in the differentiation process are linked to end-stage phenotypic expression. Furthermore, cultures allowed to concentrate their soluble products in the media produced more mineralized matrix, thereby implying a role for autocrine or paracrine factors synthesized by human MSCs undergoing osteoblastic lineage progression. This culture system is responsive to subtle manipulations including the basal nutrient medium, dose of physiologic supplements, cell seeding density, and volume of tissue culture medium. Cultured human MSCs provide a useful model for evaluating the multiple factors responsible for the step-wise progression of cells from undifferentiated precursors to secretory osteoblasts, and eventually terminally differentiated osteocytes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: MRS Communications
                Abbreviated Title: MRC
                Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                ISSN (Print): 2159-6859
                ISSN (Electronic): 2159-6867
                Publication date Created: September 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): October 03 2017
                Publication date (Print): September 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 289-308
                Article
                DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2017.91
                PubMed ID: 29333332
                SO-VID: 38a67251-491b-446c-88e1-58b376d5de8a
                Copyright © © 2017
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                https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms

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