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      Functional Gold Nanoparticles as Potent Antimicrobial Agents against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria

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          Abstract

          We present the use of functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to combat multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Tuning of the functional groups on the nanoparticle surface provided gold nanoparticles that were effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogens, including multi-drug-resistant pathogens. These AuNPs exhibited low toxicity to mammalian cells, and bacterial resistance was not observed after 20 generations. A strong structure–activity relationship was observed as a function of AuNP functionality, providing guidance to activity prediction and rational design of effective antimicrobial nanoparticles.

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          LIVE/DEAD BacLight : application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water.

          L Boulos, M Prévost, B Barbeau … (1999)
          A rapid epifluorescence staining method using the LIVE/DEAD Bacterial Viability Kit (BacLight) was applied to estimate both viable and total counts of bacteria in drinking water. BacLight is composed of two nucleic acid-binding stains: SYTO 9 and propidium iodide. SYTO 9 penetrates all bacterial membranes and stains the cells green, while propidium iodide only penetrates cells with damaged membranes, and the combination of the two stains produces red fluorescing cells. Optimal incubation conditions were found to be 15 to 20 min, at room temperature in the dark. Total (red + green) and viable (green) cells can hence be counted simultaneously. Factors affecting the staining procedure were tested (addition of glutaraldehyde, staining time, chlorine impact). In the absence of stress, BacLight viable counts were comparable and to 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium (CTC) counts. BacLight total counts were comparable to acridine orange counts (differing by <0.1 log/ml). However, the increase in environmental stresses (chlorine, growth rate or temperature) induced a decrease in viability that was more pronounced for CTC and plate counts than for BacLight viable counts.
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            Multidrug efflux pumps of gram-negative bacteria.

            H Nikaido (1996)
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              Trends in antimicrobial drug development: implications for the future.

              Brad Spellberg, John H. Powers, Eric P Brass … (2004)
              The need for new antimicrobial agents is greater than ever because of the emergence of multidrug resistance in common pathogens, the rapid emergence of new infections, and the potential for use of multidrug-resistant agents in bioweapons. Paradoxically, some pharmaceutical companies have indicated that they are curtailing anti-infective research programs. We evaluated the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) databases of approved drugs and the research and development programs of the world's largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to document trends in the development of new antimicrobial agents. FDA approval of new antibacterial agents decreased by 56% over the past 20 years (1998-2002 vs. 1983-1987). Projecting future development, new antibacterial agents constitute 6 of 506 drugs disclosed in the developmental programs of the largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Despite the critical need for new antimicrobial agents, the development of these agents is declining. Solutions encouraging and facilitating the development of new antimicrobial agents are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ACS Nano
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ACS Nano
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nn
                Journal ID (coden): ancac3
                Title: ACS Nano
                Publisher: American Chemical Society
                ISSN (Print): 1936-0851
                ISSN (Electronic): 1936-086X
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 September 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 September 2014
                Publication date (Print): 28 October 2014
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 10682-10686
                Affiliations
                [1] †Department of Chemistry and ‡Biology Department, University of Massachusetts , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst 01003, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to rotello@ 123456chem.umass.edu .
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/nn5042625
                PMC ID: 4212784
                PubMed ID: 25232643
                SO-VID: 3cebd4c4-c1cf-4907-a5e4-520270b38781
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
                License:

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                History
                Date received : 31 July 2014
                Date accepted : 18 September 2014
                Funding
                National Institutes of Health, United States
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                document-id-old-9 nn5042625
                document-id-new-14 nn-2014-042625
                ccc-price

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanotechnology
                Keywords: mdr e. coli,mrsa,uropathogens,antimicrobial agents,gold nanoparticles,structure−activity relationship,mode of action
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanotechnology
                Keywords: mdr e. coli, mrsa, uropathogens, antimicrobial agents, gold nanoparticles, structure−activity relationship, mode of action

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