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      Development of clinical reasoning in an undergraduate medical program at a Brazilian university : Desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico na graduação médica em uma universidade brasileira

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          The cognitive processes relating to the development of clinical reasoning are only partially understood, which explains the difficulties in teaching this skill in medical courses. This study aimed to understand how clinical reasoning develops among undergraduate medical students.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          Quantitative and qualitative exploratory descriptive study conducted at the medical school of Universidade Federal de Goiás.

          METHODS:

          The focus group technique was used among 40 students who participated in five focus groups, with eight students from each year, from the first to fifth year of the medical school program. The material was subjected to content analysis in categories, and was subsequently quantified and subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test for inferential statistics.

          RESULTS:

          The content of the students’ statements was divided into two categories: clinical reasoning - in the preclinical phase, clinical reasoning was based on knowledge of basic medical science and in the clinical phase, there was a change to pattern recognition; knowledge of basic medical science - 80.6% of the students recognized its use, but they stated that they only used it in difficult cases.

          CONCLUSION:

          In the preclinical phase, in a medical school with a traditional curriculum, clinical reasoning depends on the knowledge acquired from basic medical science, while in the clinical phase, it becomes based on pattern recognition.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          Tem-se compreensão parcial dos processos cognitivos relacionados ao desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico, o que justifica as dificuldades no ensino dessa competência nos cursos de medicina. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se desenvolve o raciocínio clínico em acadêmicos de medicina.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Pesquisa descritiva exploratória quantitativa e qualitativa, realizada na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás.

          MÉTODOS:

          A técnica de grupos focais foi utilizada entre 40 acadêmicos, que participaram de cinco grupos focais, com oito acadêmicos de cada ano, do primeiro ao quinto ano do curso médico. O material foi submetido a análise de conteúdo por categorias, posteriormente quantificado e submetido a análise estatística descritiva e teste de qui-quadrado para estatística inferencial.

          RESULTADOS:

          O conteúdo das falas dos participantes foi dividido em duas categorias: raciocínio clínico - na fase pré-clínica, o raciocínio clínico é baseado no conhecimento das disciplinas básicas e, na fase clínica, há uma mudança para o reconhecimento de padrões; conhecimento das disciplinas básicas - 80,6% percebem sua utilização, porém assinalam que o usam apenas em casos difíceis.

          CONCLUSÃO:

          Na fase pré-clínica, em uma escola médica com currículo tradicional, o raciocínio clínico é dependente dos conhecimentos adquiridos nas disciplinas básicas e, na fase clínica, passa para o reconhecimento de padrões.

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          Most cited references69

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          Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends.

          Research in clinical reasoning has been conducted for over 30 years. Throughout this time there have been a number of identifiable trends in methodology and theory. This paper identifies three broad research traditions, ordered chronologically, are: (a) attempts to understand reasoning as a general skill--the "clinical reasoning" process; (b) research based on probes of memory--reasoning related to the amount of knowledge and memory; and (c) research related to different kinds of mental representations--semantic qualifiers, scripts, schemas and exemplars. Several broad themes emerge from this review. First, there is little evidence that reasoning can be characterised in terms of general process variables. Secondly, it is evident that expertise is associated, not with a single basic representation but with multiple coordinated representations in memory, from causal mechanisms to prior examples. Different representations may be utilised in different circumstances, but little is known about the characteristics of a particular situation that led to a change in strategy. It becomes evident that expertise lies in the availability of multiple representations of knowledge. Perhaps the most critical aspect of learning is not the acquisition of a particular strategy or skill, nor is it the availability of a particular kind of knowledge. Rather, the critical element may be deliberate practice with multiple examples which, on the hand, facilitates the availability of concepts and conceptual knowledge (i.e. transfer) and, on the other hand, adds to a storehouse of already solved problems.
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            • Record: found
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            • Article: not found

            American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report.

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              • Article: not found

              A cognitive perspective on medical expertise: theory and implication.

              A new theory of the development of expertise in medicine is outlined. Contrary to existing views, this theory assumes that expertise is not so much a matter of superior reasoning skills or in-depth knowledge of pathophysiological states as it is based on cognitive structures that describe the features of prototypical or even actual patients. These cognitive structures, referred to as "illness scripts," contain relatively little knowledge about pathophysiological causes of symptoms and complaints but a wealth of clinically relevant information about disease, its consequences, and the context under which illness develops. By contrast, intermediate-level students without clinical experience typically use pathophysiological, causal models of disease when solving problems. The authors review evidence supporting the theory and discuss its implications for the understanding of five phenomena extensively documented in the clinical-reasoning literature: (1) content specificity in diagnostic performance; (2) typical differences in data-gathering techniques between medical students and physicians; (3) difficulties involved in setting standards; (4) a decline in performance on certain measures of clinical reasoning with increasing expertise; and (5) a paradoxical association between errors and longer response times in visual diagnosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                08 December 2015
                2016
                : 134
                : 2
                : 110-115
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD, MSc. Assistant Professor, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
                [II ] originalMD, PhD. Adjunct Professor, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
                [III ] originalMD, PhD. Emeritus Professor, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
                [IV ] originalRD, PhD. Associate Professor of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Alexandre Roberti. Rua L, 53 - apto 501, Setor Oeste - Goiânia (GO) - Brasil. CEP 74120-050. Tel. (+55 62) 3215-1021. E-mail: alexandreroberti2502@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of interest: None.

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2015.00080108
                10496542
                26648281
                3fcee2a6-ad1a-46e9-a32c-89d142d62dff

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 13 January 2015
                : 25 May 2015
                : 01 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 06
                Categories
                Original Article

                qualitative research,students, medical,education, medical,curriculum,cognition

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