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      Tribal casinos in California: the last vestige of indoor smoking

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          Abstract

          Background

          High levels of airborne particles from secondhand smoke have been reported in California Indian casinos. Yet, little is known regarding the smoking status of casino patrons, their avoidance of secondhand smoke while visiting, and their views on a hypothetical smoking ban.

          Methods

          Predictors of visiting an Indian casino were assessed among participants of the 2008 California Tobacco Survey (n = 10, 397). Exposure to and avoidance of secondhand smoke were subsequently analyzed among a subset of participants who had visited a casino in the year prior to the survey (n = 3, 361).

          Results

          Ethnic minorities, older individuals, current smokers and residents of sparsely populated regions of California were more likely than other demographic groups to visit a tribal casino. Avoidance of secondhand smoke was more frequent among the never smokers than former and current smokers, particularly those who last visited a casino lacking physical separation between non-smoking and smoking sections. The never smokers versus current smokers disproportionately expressed a willingness to extend their stay and visit again if smoking were prohibited.

          Conclusions

          If casinos became smoke free, then it is anticipated that they would be visited by a significantly larger number of Californians, including both patrons and those who otherwise would not have visited a casino.

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          Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

          Bridget F Grant, Deborah Hasin, S Chou … (2004)
          No information is available on the co-occurrence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence and Axis I and II psychiatric disorders in the US population. To present national data on the co-occurrence of current DSM-IV nicotine dependence and other psychiatric disorders by sex and to estimate the burden of all US tobacco consumption carried by nicotine-dependent and psychiatrically ill individuals. Face-to-face interviews. The United States. Household and group-quarters adults (N = 43 093). Prevalence and comorbidity of current nicotine dependence and Axis I and II disorders and the percentage of cigarettes consumed in the United States among psychiatrically vulnerable subgroups. Among US adults, 12.8% (95% confidence interval, 12.0-13.6) were nicotine dependent. Associations between nicotine dependence and specific Axis I and II disorders were all strong and statistically significant (P<.05) in the total population and among men and women. Nicotine-dependent individuals made up only 12.8% (95% confidence interval, 12.0-13.6) of the population yet consumed 57.5% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. Nicotine-dependent individuals with a comorbid psychiatric disorder made up 7.1% (95% confidence interval, 6.6-7.6) of the population yet consumed 34.2% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. Nicotine-dependent and psychiatrically ill individuals consume about 70% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. The results of this study highlight the importance of focusing smoking cessation efforts on individuals who are nicotine dependent, individuals who have psychiatric disorders, and individuals who have comorbid nicotine dependence and other psychiatric disorders. Further, awareness of industry segmentation strategies can improve smoking cessation efforts of clinicians and other health professionals among all smokers and especially among the most vulnerable.
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            Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places.

            S A Bialous, J Dearlove, Stanton A. Glantz (2002)
            To describe how the tobacco industry used the "accommodation" message to mount an aggressive and effective worldwide campaign to recruit hospitality associations, such as restaurant associations, to serve as the tobacco industry's surrogate in fighting against smoke-free environments. We analysed tobacco industry documents publicly available on the internet as a result of litigation in the USA. Documents were accessed between January and November 2001. The tobacco industry, led by Philip Morris, made financial contributions to existing hospitality associations or, when it did not find an association willing to work for tobacco interests, created its own "association" in order to prevent the growth of smoke-free environments. The industry also used hospitality associations as a vehicle for programmes promoting "accommodation" of smokers and non-smokers, which ignore the health risks of second hand smoke for employees and patrons of hospitality venues. Through the myth of lost profits, the tobacco industry has fooled the hospitality industry into embracing expensive ventilation equipment, while in reality 100% smoke-free laws have been shown to have no effect on business revenues, or even to improve them. The tobacco industry has effectively turned the hospitality industry into its de facto lobbying arm on clean indoor air. Public health advocates need to understand that, with rare exceptions, when they talk to organised restaurant associations they are effectively talking to the tobacco industry and must act accordingly.
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              Tobacco use among adults--United States, 2005.

              (2006)
              Four of the Healthy People 2010 objectives regarding tobacco use are to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking to 12.0%, cigar smoking to 1.2%, use of smokeless tobacco to 0.4%, and to increase cessation attempts among adult smokers to 75.0%. To assess progress toward achieving these four objectives, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). This report summarizes the results of these analyses, which indicated lagging progress on all four objectives. In 2005, approximately 20.9% of U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers, the same percentage as in 2004, suggesting that the 8-year decline in smoking prevalence among adults in the United States might be stalling. In addition, the findings indicated that, in 2005, an estimated 2.2% of U.S. adults were current cigar smokers, 2.3% used smokeless tobacco, and 42.5% of current cigarette smokers had stopped smoking for at least 1 day in the preceding 12 months because they were trying to quit. To meet the Healthy People objectives for 2010, full implementation of effective, comprehensive tobacco-control programs that address both initiation and cessation of tobacco use is needed in all states and U.S. territories.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 February 2012
                Volume: 12
                Page: 144
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Anteater Instruction & Research Building, Irvine, CA, USA 92697-3957
                [2 ]Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1471-2458-12-144
                DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-144
                PMC ID: 3306736
                PubMed ID: 22364487
                SO-VID: 43ea7e0b-72e5-485b-8fe6-5c15c4fe9d5e
                Copyright © Copyright ©2012 Timberlake et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 October 2011
                Date accepted : 25 February 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: secondhand smoke,smoking ban,smoking prevalence,california tribal casinos
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: secondhand smoke, smoking ban, smoking prevalence, california tribal casinos

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