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      The epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and management toward COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          This review comprehensively summarizes epidemiologic evidence of COVID-19 in patients with Type 2 diabetes, explores pathophysiological mechanisms, and integrates recommendations and guidelines for patient management. We found that diabetes was a risk factor for diagnosed infection and poor prognosis of COVID-19. Patients with diabetes may be more susceptible to adverse outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection due to impaired immune function and possible upregulation of enzymes that mediate viral invasion. The chronic inflammation caused by diabetes, coupled with the acute inflammatory reaction caused by SARS-CoV-2, results in a propensity for inflammatory storm. Patients with diabetes should be aware of their increased risk for COVID-19.

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Wei-jie Guan, Zheng-yi Ni, Yu Hu … (2020)
          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

            Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)
            In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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              Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

              Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prim Care Diabetes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prim Care Diabetes
                Title: Primary Care Diabetes
                Publisher: Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 1751-9918
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-0210
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 September 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2021
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China
                [b ]West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
                [c ]Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
                [d ]National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, Geriatric Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
                [e ]Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                [f ]School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
                [g ]Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
                [h ]Sichuan University – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Chengdu, China
                [i ]Spatial and Digital Epidemiology Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Distinguished Professor, Sichuan University – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Chengdu, China.
                [** ]Corresponding author at: International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
                [1]

                Equal contribution.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1751-9918(21)00169-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2021.08.014
                PMC ID: 8418914
                PubMed ID: 34600859
                SO-VID: 44e26c36-e93b-4de7-b8a6-88b39c09216c
                Copyright © © 2021 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Review

                Keywords: covid-19,diabetes,epidemiology,pathophysiological mechanism,management,sars-cov-2
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, diabetes, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanism, management, sars-cov-2

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