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      To study the correlation between carrier status of nasal Staphylococcus aureus in patients on haemodialysis with hepatitis C, hepatitis B and their sociodemographic features Translated title: Estudiar la correlación entre el portador del Estafilococo dorado nasal en pacientes de hemodiálisis con hepatitis C, hepatitis B y sus caracterÃsticas sociodemográficas

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          Abstract

          AIM: To study the correlation of nasal Staphylococcus aureus carrier status in patients on haemodialysis, infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and their sociodemographic features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A survey, including patients ' sociodemographic features, was applied to patients by physicians in face to face interviews. Medical records regarding their serologic data were recorded from haemodialysis centres. Nasal swab samples of 2 cm depth from both nostrils of patients were obtained for nasal culture. Samples were inoculated in 5% sheep blood agar and incubated in an incubator at a temperature of 37ºCfor 24 hours. The results were studied by the same microbiologist. RESULTS: A total of 185 patients were enrolled in the study. According to culture results, 14.1% of patients (n = 26) had methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 1.1% (n = 2) had methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Status of viral hepatitis was 3.8% (n = 8), 10.8% (n = 20) for HBV and HCV, respectively. Forty per cent (n = 8) of patients with HBV (+) had MSSA carrier status. Statistically significant positive correlation between MSSA and HCV carrier was detected (r = 0.325, p = 0.001) but not between HBV carrier and MSSA (p = 0.255). CONCLUSION: In the present study, significant positivity was detected between MSSA carrier status and HCV in patients on haemodialysis and who have lived together with < 2 family members at home. Particularly, statistically significant correlation between HCV (+) and MSSA carrier was observed.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Estudiar la correlación entre el portador del Estafilococo dorado (Staphylococcus aureus) nasal en pacientes de hemodiálisis infectados por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), y sus caracterÃsticas sociodemográficas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Una encuesta que incluÃa caracterÃsticas sociodemográficas de los pacientes fue aplicada a pacientes por médicos en entrevistas cara a cara. Historias clÃnicas contentivas de sus datos serológicos, fueron registradas a partir de los centros de hemodiálisis. Muestras defrotis nasales de 2 cm de profundidad de ambas fosas nasales, fueron obtenidas para un cultivo nasal. Se inocularon muestras en agar de sangre de oveja al 5%, e incubadas en una incubadora a una temperatura de 37ºC por 24 horas. Los resultados fueron examinados por el mismo microbiólogo. RESULTADOS: Un total de 185 pacientes fueron enrolados en el estudio. Según los resultados del cultivo, 14.1% pacientes (n = 26) tenÃan estafilococo dorado sensible a la meticilina (MSSA) y 1.1% (n = 2) tenÃan estafilococo dorado resistente a la meticilina (MRSA). El estatus de las hepatitis virales fue 3.8% (n = 8), y 10.8% (n = 20) para HVB y HVC respectivamente. Cuarentapor ciento (n = 8) de los pacientes con HVB (+) eran portadores del MSSA. EstadÃsticamente, se detectó una correlación positiva significativa (r = 0.325, p = 0.001), entre MSSA y el portador de VHC, no asà entre el portador del VHByMSSA (p = 0.255). CONCLUSIÓN: En el estudio presente, se detectó una positividad significativa entre el estatus de; portador de MSSA y los pacientes de VHC en hemodiálisis, que vivÃan junto con [= dos o menos de dos] miembros de la familia en casa. En particular, se observó una correlación estadÃsticamente significativa entre HCV (+) y el portador MSSA.

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          Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

          Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemic in hospitals worldwide, and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Health-care-associated MRSA infections arise in individuals with predisposing risk factors, such as surgery or presence of an indwelling medical device. By contrast, many community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections arise in otherwise healthy individuals who do not have such risk factors. Additionally, CA-MRSA infections are epidemic in some countries. These features suggest that CA-MRSA strains are more virulent and transmissible than are traditional hospital-associated MRSA strains. The restricted treatment options for CA-MRSA infections compound the effect of enhanced virulence and transmission. Although progress has been made towards understanding emergence of CA-MRSA, virulence, and treatment of infections, our knowledge remains incomplete. Here we review the most up-to-date knowledge and provide a perspective for the future prophylaxis or new treatments for CA-MRSA infections. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Increasing rates of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children.

            Prior studies, including one from our institution performed in 2001, suggest that nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occurs infrequently in the healthy pediatric population (0.2-2.2%). However, infections caused by community-associated MRSA have increased remarkably in recent years. As a result, we restudied the prevalence of MRSA nasal colonization in healthy children, comparing results from 2001 and 2004. Nasal swabs were collected from 500 children presenting for health maintenance visits. Samples were cultured quantitatively, and MRSA isolates were confirmed by growth on selective media, coagulase testing and the presence of the mecA resistance gene. MRSA isolates were further analyzed for antibiotic susceptibilities, genetic relatedness by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. There were 182 children (36.4%) colonized with S. aureus, and 46 (9.2%) colonized with MRSA. This is significantly higher than the MRSA colonization rate in 2001 (0.8%; P < 0.001). There were no significant associations between potential risk factors and MRSA colonization except for having a family member work in a hospital (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.1). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed heterogeneity of circulating strains, and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene locus was detected in 10 of 46 MRSA isolates (22%). Nasal MRSA colonization in healthy children in Nashville has increased significantly in the past 3 years. As colonization typically precedes infection, this increase may be a major factor in the emergence of community-associated MRSA as a pathogen of healthy children.
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              A community-based study on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus.

              Community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a major global problem. Colonization rates of MRSA in the community have been reported to range from 0 to 9.2 per cent. The present study was conducted to detect S. aureus nasal colonization and prevalence of MRSA in children (5 to 15 yr) in an Indian community setting of rural, urban and semiurban slums, as also evaluation of an in-house PCR to detect MRSA. Nasal swabs from children were cultured and S. aureus isolates were processed for antibiotic susceptibility. mecA gene was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on S. aureus isolates and directly from enrichment broth aliquots inoculated with nasal swabs, at sequential time intervals. The overall prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 52.3 per cent and that of MRSA 3.89 per cent. CA-MRSA nasal carriage was 3.16 per cent in children without prior exposure to health care settings. PCR detection directly on nasal swabs and enrichment broth had a poor sensitivity of 60.42 per cent. There was a high rate of S. aureus nasal colonization in the 5-15 yr age group and an alarming rate (3.89%) of community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus nasal colonization in the community. PCR as a method of direct detection of MRSA from nasal samples needs further fine tuning.
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                Author and article information

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                Journal
                wimj
                West Indian Medical Journal
                West Indian med. j.
                The University of the West Indies (Mona, , Jamaica )
                0043-3144
                2309-5830
                March 2012
                : 61
                : 2
                : 139-144
                Affiliations
                [05] Duzce orgnameDuzce University Medical Faculty orgdiv1Department of Family Medicine Turkey
                [04] Ankara orgnameGulhane Military Medical Academy orgdiv1Department of Microbiology Turkey
                [01] Ankara orgnameGulhane Military Medical Academy orgdiv1Department of Family Medicine Turkey
                [07] Karachi orgnameAga Khan University Hospital orgdiv1Department of Emergency Medicine Pakistan
                [06] Karachi orgnameAga Khan University Hospital orgdiv1Department of Family Medicine Pakistan
                [02] Ankara orgnameGulhane Military Medical Academy orgdiv1Department of Internal Medicine Turkey
                [03] Ankara orgnameGulhane Military Medical Academy orgdiv1Department of Nephrology Turkey
                Article
                S0043-31442012000200006
                455dc739-c319-4d6e-a4e5-6c5f42b7ce01

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 6
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                SciELO West Indians

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                Original Articles

                Hemodiálisis,Estafilococo dorado resistente a la meticilina,Estafilococo dorado sensible a la meticilina,virus de la hepatitis B,virus de la hepatitis C,Haemodialysis,methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus,hepatitis B virus,hepatitis C virus,Staphylococcus aureus

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