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      Health and Well-Being of Cisgender, Transgender and Non-Binary Young People

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          Abstract

          Young transgender and non-binary individuals (TNBI) are exposed to situations of discrimination and have a greater risk of violence. The purpose of this study is to analyze which protective, violence and health and well-being factors have more influence on TNBI compared to cisgender people. The sample comprised 856 youth between 14 and 25 years old. A survey including questions about sociodemographic information and protective, violence and health and well-being factors was designed ad hoc for this study. The results show the non-binary group received the least support from family and friends, higher risk of suffering cyberbullying, and many feel isolated and unhappy. TNBI have suffered more verbal attacks both inside and outside their school and physical attacks at school than cisgender young. These results are important because they may contribute to the promotion of public policies and clinical interventions that favor the integration of TNBI in our society.

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          Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults.

          Caitlin Ryan, Stephen Russell, David Huebner … (2010)
          the role of family acceptance as a protective factor for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents and young adults has not been established. a quantitative measure with items derived from prior qualitative work retrospectively assessed family accepting behaviors in response to LGBT adolescents' sexual orientation and gender expression and their relationship to mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk in young adults (N= 245). family acceptance predicts greater self-esteem, social support, and general health status; it also protects against depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors. family acceptance of LGBT adolescents is associated with positive young adult mental and physical health. Interventions that promote parental and caregiver acceptance of LGBT adolescents are needed to reduce health disparities.
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            Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people.

            (2015)
            In 2015, the American Psychological Association adopted Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients in order to describe affirmative psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) clients. There are 16 guidelines in this document that guide TGNC-affirmative psychological practice across the lifespan, from TGNC children to older adults. The Guidelines are organized into five clusters: (a) foundational knowledge and awareness; (b) stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care; (c) lifespan development; (d) assessment, therapy, and intervention; and (e) research, education, and training. In addition, the guidelines provide attention to TGNC people across a range of gender and racial/ethnic identities. The psychological practice guidelines also attend to issues of research and how psychologists may address the many social inequities TGNC people experience.
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              HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention.

              K Clements-Nolle, R Marx, R. Guzman … (2001)
              This study described HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons and determined factors associated with HIV. We recruited transgender persons through targeted sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and agency referrals; 392 male-to-female and 123 female-to-male transgender persons were interviewed and tested for HIV. HIV prevalence among male-to-female transgender persons was 35%. African American race (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.82, 11.96), a history of injection drug use (OR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.56, 4.62), multiple sex partners (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.50, 4.62), and low education (adjusted OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.17, 3.68) were independently associated with HIV. Among female-to-male transgender persons, HIV prevalence (2%) and risk behaviors were much lower. Most male-to-female (78%) and female-to-male (83%) transgender persons had seen a medical provider in the past 6 months. Sixty-two percent of the male-to-female and 55% of the female-to-male transgender persons were depressed; 32% of each population had attempted suicide. High HIV prevalence suggests an urgent need for risk reduction interventions for male-to-female transgender persons. Recent contact with medical providers was observed, suggesting that medical providers could provide an important link to needed prevention, health, and social services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2018
                Publication date (Print): October 2018
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2133
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Social, Work and Differential Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; ediazram@ 123456psi.ucm.es (E.M.D.-R.); srubiova@ 123456psi.ucm.es (S.R.-V.); mariai04@ 123456pdi.ucm.es (M.I.L.-N.)
                [2 ]Servicio LGTBI de la Comunidad de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain; isidrogarcianieto@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: aparicio@ 123456psi.ucm.es
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-9897
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-15-02133
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102133
                PMC ID: 6209926
                PubMed ID: 30274141
                SO-VID: 470c39bd-e189-4469-b99b-d20137880348
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 06 September 2018
                Date accepted : 26 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: transgender,non-binary gender identity,adolescence,health,well-being,gender nonconforming
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: transgender, non-binary gender identity, adolescence, health, well-being, gender nonconforming

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