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      Expression Pattern of Nitric Oxide Synthase during Development of the Marine Gastropod Mollusc, Crepidula fornicata

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          Abstract

          Nitric Oxide (NO) plays a key role in the induction of larval metamorphosis in several invertebrate phyla. The inhibition of the NO synthase in Crepidula fornicata, a molluscan model for evolutionary, developmental, and ecological research, has been demonstrated to block the initiation of metamorphosis highlighting that endogenous NO is crucial in the control of this developmental and morphological process. Nitric Oxide Synthase contributes to the development of shell gland, digestive gland and kidney, being expressed in cells that presumably correspond to FMRF-amide, serotoninergic and catecolaminergic neurons. Here we identified a single Nos gene in embryonic and larval transcriptomes of C. fornicata and studied its localization during development, through whole-mount in situ hybridization, in order to compare its expression pattern with that of other marine invertebrate animal models.

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          Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data

          Matthew Kearse, Richard Moir, Amy Wilson … (2012)
          Summary: The two main functions of bioinformatics are the organization and analysis of biological data using computational resources. Geneious Basic has been designed to be an easy-to-use and flexible desktop software application framework for the organization and analysis of biological data, with a focus on molecular sequences and related data types. It integrates numerous industry-standard discovery analysis tools, with interactive visualizations to generate publication-ready images. One key contribution to researchers in the life sciences is the Geneious public application programming interface (API) that affords the ability to leverage the existing framework of the Geneious Basic software platform for virtually unlimited extension and customization. The result is an increase in the speed and quality of development of computation tools for the life sciences, due to the functionality and graphical user interface available to the developer through the public API. Geneious Basic represents an ideal platform for the bioinformatics community to leverage existing components and to integrate their own specific requirements for the discovery, analysis and visualization of biological data. Availability and implementation: Binaries and public API freely available for download at http://www.geneious.com/basic, implemented in Java and supported on Linux, Apple OSX and MS Windows. The software is also available from the Bio-Linux package repository at http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/news/geneiousonbl. Contact: peter@biomatters.com
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            PDZ domains and their binding partners: structure, specificity, and modification

            Ho Jin Lee, Jie Zheng (2010)
            PDZ domains are abundant protein interaction modules that often recognize short amino acid motifs at the C-termini of target proteins. They regulate multiple biological processes such as transport, ion channel signaling, and other signal transduction systems. This review discusses the structural characterization of PDZ domains and the use of recently emerging technologies such as proteomic arrays and peptide libraries to study the binding properties of PDZ-mediated interactions. Regulatory mechanisms responsible for PDZ-mediated interactions, such as phosphorylation in the PDZ ligands or PDZ domains, are also discussed. A better understanding of PDZ protein-protein interaction networks and regulatory mechanisms will improve our knowledge of many cellular and biological processes.
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              Protein interactions with nitric oxide synthases: controlling the right time, the right place, and the right amount of nitric oxide.

              Teresa Kuncewicz, Wenzheng Zhang, Bruce C. Kone … (2003)
              Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent cell-signaling, effector, and vasodilator molecule that plays important roles in diverse biological effects in the kidney, vasculature, and many other tissues. Because of its high biological reactivity and diffusibility, multiple tiers of regulation, ranging from transcriptional to posttranslational controls, tightly control NO biosynthesis. Interactions of each of the major NO synthase (NOS) isoforms with heterologous proteins have emerged as a mechanism by which the activity, spatial distribution, and proximity of the NOS isoforms to regulatory proteins and intended targets are governed. Dimerization of the NOS isozymes, required for their activity, exhibits distinguishing features among these proteins and may serve as a regulated process and target for therapeutic intervention. An increasingly wide array of proteins, ranging from scaffolding proteins to membrane receptors, has been shown to function as NOS-binding partners. Neuronal NOS interacts via its PDZ domain with several PDZ-domain proteins. Several resident and recruited proteins of plasmalemmal caveolae, including caveolins, anchoring proteins, G protein-coupled receptors, kinases, and molecular chaperones, modulate the activity and trafficking of endothelial NOS in the endothelium. Inducible NOS (iNOS) interacts with the inhibitory molecules kalirin and NOS-associated protein 110 kDa, as well as activator proteins, the Rac GTPases. In addition, protein-protein interactions of proteins governing iNOS transcription function to specify activation or suppression of iNOS induction by cytokines. The calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways are the major proteolytic systems responsible for the regulated degradation of NOS isozymes. The experimental basis for these protein-protein interactions, their functional importance, and potential implication for renal and vascular physiology and pathophysiology is reviewed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Elena Sarropoulou: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): genes
                Title: Genes
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4425
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2021
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 314
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; mtruchado@ 123456berkeley.edu
                [2 ]Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
                [3 ]Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; filomena.caccavale@ 123456szn.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: cristina.grande@ 123456uam.es (C.G.); salvatore.daniello@ 123456szn.it (S.D.); Tel.: +34-91-4972359 (C.G.); +39-081-5833418 (S.D.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-1465
                Article
                Publisher ID: genes-12-00314
                DOI: 10.3390/genes12020314
                PMC ID: 7926364
                SO-VID: 480c1713-5996-458b-a78f-264add4c3248
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2021
                Date accepted : 17 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: nos,nitric oxide,evo-devo,evolution,metamorphosis,mollusc
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nos, nitric oxide, evo-devo, evolution, metamorphosis, mollusc

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