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      Performance of the phonatory deviation diagram in the evaluation of rough and breathy synthesized voices ☆☆ Translated title: Desempenho do diagrama de desvio fonatório na avaliação de vozes sintetizadas rugosas e soprosas

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Voice disorders alter the sound signal in several ways, combining several types of vocal emission disturbances and noise. The phonatory deviation diagram is a two-dimensional chart that allows the evaluation of the vocal signal based on the combination of periodicity (jitter, shimmer, and correlation coefficient) and noise (Glottal to Noise Excitation) measurements. The use of synthesized signals, where one has a greater control and knowledge of the production conditions, may allow a better understanding of the physiological and acoustic mechanisms underlying the vocal emission and its main perceptual-auditory correlates regarding the intensity of the deviation and types of vocal quality.

          Objective

          To analyze the performance of the phonatory deviation diagram in the discrimination of the presence and degree of roughness and breathiness in synthesized voices.

          Methods

          871 synthesized vocal signals were used corresponding to the vowel /ɛ/. The perceptual-auditory analysis of the degree of roughness and breathiness of the synthesized signals was performed using visual analogue scale. Subsequently, the signals were categorized regarding the presence/absence of these parameters based on the visual analogue scale cutoff values. Acoustic analysis was performed by assessing the distribution of vocal signals according to the phonatory deviation diagram area, quadrant, shape, and density. The equality of proportions and the chi-square tests were performed to compare the variables.

          Results

          Rough and breathy vocal signals were located predominantly outside the normal range and in the lower right quadrant of the phonatory deviation diagram. Voices with higher degrees of roughness and breathiness were located outside the area of normality in the lower right quadrant and had concentrated density.

          Conclusion

          The normality area and the phonatory deviation diagram quadrant can discriminate healthy voices from rough and breathy ones. Voices with higher degrees of roughness and breathiness are proportionally located outside the area of normality, in the lower right quadrant and with concentrated density.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          Os distúrbios de voz alteram o sinal sonoro de diversas formas, combinando variados tipos de perturbações e ruído na emissão vocal. O diagrama de desvio fonatório é um gráfico bidimensional que possibilita a avaliação do sinal vocal a partir da combinação de medidas de periodicidade ( jitter, shimmer e coeficiente de correlação) e de ruído ( Glottal to Noise Excitation). A utilização de sinais sintetizados, onde se tem um maior controle e conhecimento das condições de produção, pode possibilitar uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos fisiológicos e acústicos subjacentes à emissão vocal e seus principais correlatos perceptivo-auditivos quanto à intensidade do desvio e tipos de qualidade vocal.

          Objetivo

          Analisar o desempenho do diagrama de desvio fonatório na discriminação da presença e do grau de rugosidade e soprosidade em vozes sintetizadas.

          Método

          Foram utilizados 871 sinais vocais sintetizados correspondentes à vogal/ɛ/. Realizou-se a análise perceptivo-auditiva do grau de rugosidade e soprosidade dos sinais sintetizados, com uma escala visual analógica. Posteriormente, os sinais foram categorizados quanto à presença/ausência desses parâmetros a partir dos valores de corte da escala visual analógica. A análise acústica foi realizada por meio da avaliação da distribuição dos sinais vocais de acordo com a área, quadrante, forma e densidade do diagrama de desvio fonatório. Executou-se o teste de igualdade de proporções e o teste Qui-quadrado para comparar as variáveis.

          Resultados

          Sinais vocais rugosos e soprosos localizaram-se predominantemente fora da área de normalidade e no quadrante inferior direito do diagrama de desvio fonatório. Vozes com maiores graus de rugosidade e soprosidade localizaram-se fora da área de normalidade, no quadrante inferior direito e apresentaram densidade concentrada.

          Conclusão

          A área de normalidade e o quadrante do diagrama de desvio fonatório são capazes de discriminar vozes saudáveis de rugosas e soprosas. Vozes com maior grau de rugosidade e soprosidade localizam-se proporcionalmente fora da área de normalidade, no quadrante inferior-direito e com densidade concentrada.

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          Most cited references53

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          The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

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            The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.

            This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.
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              Consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice: development of a standardized clinical protocol.

              This article presents the development of the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) following a consensus conference on perceptual voice quality measurement sponsored by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Special Interest Division 3, Voice and Voice Disorders. The CAPE-V protocol and recording form were designed to promote a standardized approach to evaluating and documenting auditory-perceptual judgments of vocal quality. A summary of the consensus conference proceedings and the factors considered by the authors in developing this instrument are included. The CAPE-V form and instructions, included as appendices to this article, enable clinicians to document perceived voice quality deviations following a standard (i.e., consistent and specified) protocol.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                05 July 2017
                Jul-Aug 2018
                05 July 2017
                : 84
                : 4
                : 460-472
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
                [b ]Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Curso de Fonoaudiologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. lwlopes@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(17)30104-0
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.05.012
                9449180
                28732642
                4948e24b-103b-4d54-bee2-d279dd0de0d2
                © 2017 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 February 2017
                : 24 May 2017
                Categories
                Original Article

                voice quality,acoustics,phonation,dysphonia,voice disorders,qualidade da voz,acústica,fonação,disfonia,distúrbios da voz

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