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      Alcohol’s Role in HIV Transmission and Disease Progression

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          Abstract

          Alcohol use has negative effects on HIV disease progression through several mechanisms, including transmission, viral replication, host immunity, and treatment efficacy. Research with animal models has explored the effect of alcohol intake on several aspects of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease progression. Data suggest that the increased SIV levels observed in alcohol-consuming animals may represent an increase in virus production as opposed to a decrease in host defense. Results also suggest that changes in nutritional balance and metabolism, as a possible consequence of a proinflammatory state, together with increased virus production in animals consuming alcohol, accelerate SIV and possibly HIV disease progression. Further studies using the animal model are necessary.

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          Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection.

          D Ho, A Neumann, A S Perelson … (1995)
          Treatment of infected patients with ABT-538, an inhibitor of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), causes plasma HIV-1 levels to decrease exponentially (mean half-life, 2.1 +/- 0.4 days) and CD4 lymphocyte counts to rise substantially. Minimum estimates of HIV-1 production and clearance and of CD4 lymphocyte turnover indicate that replication of HIV-1 in vivo is continuous and highly productive, driving the rapid turnover of CD4 lymphocytes.
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            Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes.

            J Schmitz, M Kuroda, S Santra … (1999)
            Clinical evidence suggests that cellular immunity is involved in controlling human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication. An animal model of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkey, was used to show that virus replication is not controlled in monkeys depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes during primary SIV infection. Eliminating CD8+ lymphocytes from monkeys during chronic SIV infection resulted in a rapid and marked increase in viremia that was again suppressed coincident with the reappearance of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These results confirm the importance of cell-mediated immunity in controlling HIV-1 infection and support the exploration of vaccination approaches for preventing infection that will elicit these immune responses.
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              HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time.

              Victor Markowitz, Alan Perelson, Anthony Ho … (1996)
              A new mathematical model was used to analyze a detailed set of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) viral load data collected from five infected individuals after the administration of a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. Productively infected cells were estimated to have, on average, a life-span of 2.2 days (half-life t 1/2 = 1.6 days), and plasma virions were estimated to have a mean life-span of 0.3 days (t 1/2 = 0.24 days). The estimated average total HIV-1 production was 10.3 x 10(9) virions per day, which is substantially greater than previous minimum estimates. The results also suggest that the minimum duration of the HIV-1 life cycle in vivo is 1.2 days on average, and that the average HIV-1 generation time--defined as the time from release of a virion until it infects another cell and causes the release of a new generation of viral particles--is 2.6 days. These findings on viral dynamics provide not only a kinetic picture of HIV-1 pathogenesis, but also theoretical principles to guide the development of treatment strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Alcohol Res Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Alcohol Res Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ARH
                Title: Alcohol Research & Health
                Publisher: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
                ISSN (Print): 1535-7414
                ISSN (Electronic): 1930-0573
                Publication date (Print): 2010
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 203-218
                Author notes

                I vona P andrea, M.D., P h.D., is associate professor of pathology at the Tulane National Research Primate Center, Covington, Louisiana, associate professor of pathology and member of the Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and associate professor, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

                K yle I. H appel, M.D., is associate professor of medicine; A ngela M. A medee, P h.D., is associate professor of microbiology, immunology and parasitology; G regory J. B agby, P h.D., is the Kai and Earl Rozas Professor of Physiology.

                S teve N elson, M.D., is dean of the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.

                Article
                Publisher ID: arh-33-3-203
                PMC ID: 3860502
                PubMed ID: 23584062
                SO-VID: 4a325f15-fee6-4c32-8f30-3bb5eefbd639
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2010
                License:

                Unless otherwise noted in the text, all material appearing in this journal is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Citation of the source is appreciated.

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                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: alcohol and other drug (aod) use, abuse, and dependence,aod effects,disease factor,disease complication,immune system,human immunodeficiency virus (hiv),hiv infection,acquired immune deficiency syndrome,antiretroviral therapy,simian immunodeficiency virus,animal models,rhesus macaques
                Data availability:
                Keywords: alcohol and other drug (aod) use, abuse, and dependence, aod effects, disease factor, disease complication, immune system, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hiv infection, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, antiretroviral therapy, simian immunodeficiency virus, animal models, rhesus macaques

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