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      MicroRNA Expression Profiling of Lactating Mammary Gland in Divergent Phenotype Swine Breeds

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          Abstract

          MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a key role in development and specific biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Extensive studies of mammary miRNAs have been performed in different species and tissues. However, little is known about porcine mammary gland miRNAs. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of miRNAs in the lactating mammary gland in two distinct pig breeds, Jinhua and Yorkshire. Many miRNAs were detected as significantly differentially expressed between the two libraries. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, many are known to be related to mammary gland development and lactation by interacting with putative target genes in previous studies. These findings suggest that miRNA expression patterns may contribute significantly to target mRNA regulation and influence mammary gland development and peak lactation performance. The data we obtained provide useful information about the roles of miRNAs in the biological processes of lactation and the mechanisms of target gene expression and regulation.

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          Hormone action in the mammary gland.

          Bert O'Malley, Cathrin Brisken (2010)
          A woman's breast cancer risk is affected by her reproductive history. The hormonal milieu also influences the course of the disease. The female reproductive hormones, estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, have a major impact on breast cancer and control postnatal mammary gland development. Analysis of hormone receptor mutant mouse strains combined with tissue recombination techniques and proteomics revealed that sequential activation of hormone signaling in the mammary epithelium is required for progression of morphogenesis. Hormones impinge on a subset of luminal mammary epithelial cells (MECs) that express hormone receptors and act as sensor cells translating and amplifying systemic signals into local stimuli. Proliferation is induced by paracrine mechanisms mediated by distinct factors at different stages. Tissue and stage specificity of hormonal signaling is achieved at the molecular level by different chromatin contexts and differential recruitment of coactivators and corepressors.
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            Lactation-Related MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Porcine Breast Milk Exosomes

            Yiren Gu, Mingzhou Li, Tao Wang … (2012)
            Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns, and is rich in immunological components. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are present in various body fluids and are selectively packaged inside the exosomes, a type of membrane vesicles, secreted by most cell types. These exosomal miRNAs could be actively delivered into recipient cells, and could regulate target gene expression and recipient cell function. Here, we analyzed the lactation-related miRNA expression profiles in porcine milk exosomes across the entire lactation period (newborn to 28 days after birth) by a deep sequencing. We found that immune-related miRNAs are present and enriched in breast milk exosomes (p<10−16, χ 2 test) and are generally resistant to relatively harsh conditions. Notably, these exosomal miRNAs are present in higher numbers in the colostrums than in mature milk. It was higher in the serum of colostrum-only fed piglets compared with the mature milk-only fed piglets. These immune-related miRNA-loaded exosomes in breast milk may be transferred into the infant body via the digestive tract. These observations are a prelude to in-depth investigations of the essential roles of breast milk in the development of the infant’s immune system.
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              Hormonal regulation of mammary differentiation and milk secretion.

              Margaret Neville, Thomas McFadden, Isabel Forsyth (2002)
              The endocrine system coordinates development of the mammary gland with reproductive development and the demand of the offspring for milk. Three categories of hormones are involved. The levels of the reproductive hormones, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen, prolactin, and oxytocin, change during reproductive development or function and act directly on the mammary gland to bring about developmental changes or coordinate milk delivery to the offspring. Metabolic hormones, whose main role is to regulate metabolic responses to nutrient intake or stress, often have direct effects on the mammary gland as well. The important hormones in this regard are growth hormone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormone, and insulin. A third category of hormones has recently been recognized, mammary hormones. It currently includes growth hormone, prolactin, PTHrP, and leptin. Because a full-term pregnancy in early life is associated with a reduction in breast carcinogenesis, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these hormones bring about secretory differentiation may offer clues to the prevention of breast cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Martin Pichler: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 January 2015
                Publication date Collection: January 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1448-1465
                Affiliations
                College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: pennypeng1987@ 123456163.com (J.P.); zjs4939@ 123456126.com (J.-S.Z.); 06dwkxsyf@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Y.-F.S.); maohaiguang@ 123456163.com (H.-G.M.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: nyxu@ 123456zju.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8898-2089.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-16-01448
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011448
                PMC ID: 4307312
                PubMed ID: 25580536
                SO-VID: 4a62f831-5f84-4778-9988-e58b8045e930
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2014
                Date accepted : 30 December 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: microrna sequencing,mammary gland,swine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: microrna sequencing, mammary gland, swine

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