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      Thermographic ranges of dromedary camels during physical exercise: applications for physical health/welfare monitoring and phenotypic selection

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          Abstract

          Despite the relatively wide knowledge of camel biomechanics, research into the immediate functional response that accompanies the execution of physical exercise remains unapproached. Therefore, selective breeding programs lack an empirical basis to achieve genetic improvement of physical stress tolerance traits and monitor camel welfare in this regard. Given the fact that physical exercise increases net heat production, infrared thermography (IRT) was selected to study the temperature changes at the skin surface of the different body areas in clinically normal dromedary camels, mostly relegated to leisure activities. Specifically, a lower dispersion at the individual level of the surface temperature at the scapular cartilage region, shoulder joint, and pelvis region, as well as lower values for Tmax and Tmin at the region of the ocular region, pectoral muscles, semimembranosus-semitendinosus muscles, and hind fetlock after exercise, have to be considered as breeding criteria for candidate selection. Such thermophysiological responses can be used as indirect measures of tissue activity in response to exercise and hence are reliable indicators of animal tolerance to physical exercise-induced stress. Additionally, sex, castration, age, and iris pigmentation significantly impacted the thermo-physiological response to exercise in the study sample, which can be attributed to hormones, general vigor, and visual acuity-mediated effects. These specific factors’ influence has to be considered for the evaluation of physical performance and the design of selection schemes for physical-related traits in dromedaries.

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          Thresholds for thermal damage to normal tissues: an update.

          The purpose of this review is to summarise a literature survey on thermal thresholds for tissue damage. This review covers published literature for the consecutive years from 2002-2009. The first review on this subject was published in 2003. It included an extensive discussion of how to use thermal dosimetric principles to normalise all time-temperature data histories to a common format. This review utilises those same principles to address sensitivity of a variety of tissues, but with particular emphasis on brain and testis. The review includes new data on tissues that were not included in the original review. Several important observations have come from this review. First, a large proportion of the papers examined for this review were discarded because time-temperature history at the site of thermal damage assessment was not recorded. It is strongly recommended that future research on this subject include such data. Second, very little data is available examining chronic consequences of thermal exposure. On a related point, the time of assessment of damage after exposure is critically important for assessing whether damage is transient or permanent. Additionally, virtually no data are available for repeated thermal exposures which may occur in certain recreational or occupational activities. For purposes of regulatory guidelines, both acute and lasting effects of thermal damage should be considered.
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            Compositional, technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk

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              Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running.

              Energy can be saved in terrestrial locomotion in many different ways. The maximum shortening speeds (Vmax) of the muscles can be adjusted to their optimum values for the tasks required of them. The moments exerted by the muscles at different joints can be adjusted to keep the ground force in line with the leg so that muscles do not work against each other. The joints of the legs can be kept as straight as possible, minimizing muscle forces and work requirements. Walking gaits should be selected at low Froude numbers (a dimensionless speed parameter) and running gaits at high Froude numbers. Tendon and other springs can be used to store elastic strain energy and to return it by elastic recoil. This paper aims to show how these energy-saving mechanisms work and to what extent mammals exploit them. Arguments based on our rather limited knowledge of the relationship between the mechanical performance of muscle and its metabolic energy consumption are used throughout. They suggest that muscles that are optimally adapted for their tasks in running should do positive work with constant efficiency.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/978747/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/910731/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/523027/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1104372/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2029285/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Front Vet Sci
                Front Vet Sci
                Front. Vet. Sci.
                Frontiers in Veterinary Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2297-1769
                19 December 2023
                2023
                : 10
                : 1297412
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba , Cordoba, Spain
                [2] 2Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ , Bari, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Vladimír Jekl, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czechia

                Reviewed by: Marcelo Ghezzi, Universidad Nacional del Centro de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Antonio González Ariza, University of Córdoba, Spain; Emiliano Lasagna, University of Perugia, Italy; Cecilio Barba, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain

                *Correspondence: Francisco Javier Navas González, fjnavas@ 123456uco.es
                Article
                10.3389/fvets.2023.1297412
                10762792
                38173554
                4c7de6da-21c5-4a39-be9f-5adce5f4ce90
                Copyright © 2023 Iglesias Pastrana, Navas González, Ciani, Marín Navas and Delgado Bermejo.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 September 2023
                : 23 November 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 1, References: 49, Pages: 11, Words: 7541
                Funding
                Funded by: CA.RA.VA.N – “Toward a Camel Transnational Value Chain”
                Award ID: APCIN-2016-00011-00-00
                Funded by: Ramón y Cajal Post-Doctoral Contract
                Award ID: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
                Funded by: Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, doi 10.13039/501100004837;
                Funded by: European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The present research was carried out in the financing framework of the international project CA.RA.VA.N – “Toward a Camel Transnational Value Chain” (Reference APCIN-2016-00011-00-00) and during the covering period of a predoctoral contract (FPU Fellowship) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and a Ramón y Cajal Post-Doctoral Contract with the reference MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR.
                Categories
                Veterinary Science
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Veterinary Imaging

                thermo-physiological response,exercise tolerance,camel welfare,camel phenotyping,genetic selection

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