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      The Emerging Role of Long Non-coding RNAs and Circular RNAs in Coronary Artery Disease

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          Abstract

          Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common disorder caused by atherosclerotic processes in the coronary arteries. This condition results from abnormal interactions between numerous cell types in the artery walls. The main participating factors in this process are accumulation of lipid deposits, endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage induction, and changes in smooth muscle cells. Several lines of evidence underscore participation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the pathogenesis of CAD. Several lncRNAs such as H19, ANRIL, MIAT, lnc-DC, IFNG-AS1, and LEF1-AS1 have been shown to be up-regulated in the biological materials obtained from CAD patients. On the other hand, Gas5, Chast, HULC, DICER1-AS1, and MEG3 have been down-regulated in CAD patients. Meanwhile, a number of circRNAs have been demonstrated to influence function of endothelial cells or vascular smooth muscle cells, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of CAD. In the current review, we summarize the function of lncRNAs and circRNAs in the development and progression of CAD.

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          Non-coding RNAs in human disease.

          Manel Esteller (2011)
          The relevance of the non-coding genome to human disease has mainly been studied in the context of the widespread disruption of microRNA (miRNA) expression and function that is seen in human cancer. However, we are only beginning to understand the nature and extent of the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in disease. Other ncRNAs, such as PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) and large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are emerging as key elements of cellular homeostasis. Along with microRNAs, dysregulation of these ncRNAs is being found to have relevance not only to tumorigenesis, but also to neurological, cardiovascular, developmental and other diseases. There is great interest in therapeutic strategies to counteract these perturbations of ncRNAs.
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            Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome.

            Carme Perez-Quilis, Roman Leischik, Alejandro Lucia … (2016)
            The aim of this review is to summarize the incidence, prevalence, trend in mortality, and general prognosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and a related condition, acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although CHD mortality has gradually declined over the last decades in western countries, this condition still causes about one-third of all deaths in people older than 35 years. This evidence, along with the fact that mortality from CHD is expected to continue increasing in developing countries, illustrates the need for implementing effective primary prevention approaches worldwide and identifying risk groups and areas for possible improvement.
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              Roles, Functions, and Mechanisms of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer

              Yiwen Fang, Melissa J. Fullwood (2016)
              Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer. They are involved in chromatin remodeling, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, through a variety of chromatin-based mechanisms and via cross-talk with other RNA species. lncRNAs can function as decoys, scaffolds, and enhancer RNAs. This review summarizes the characteristics of lncRNAs, including their roles, functions, and working mechanisms, describes methods for identifying and annotating lncRNAs, and discusses future opportunities for lncRNA-based therapies using antisense oligonucleotides.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Cardiovasc Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Cardiovasc Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
                Title: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2297-055X
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 632393
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [2] 2Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [3] 3Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                Author notes

                Edited by: En-Zhi Jia, Nanjing Medical University, China

                Reviewed by: Mingxian Chen, Central South University, China; Shujie Guo, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, China

                *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri mohammad_823@ 123456yahoo.com

                This article was submitted to General Cardiovascular Medicine, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632393
                PMC ID: 7940190
                PubMed ID: 33708807
                SO-VID: 542eafb3-c67a-4390-8093-60fa117dba21
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 Ghafouri-Fard, Gholipour and Taheri.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 November 2020
                Date accepted : 15 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 73, Pages: 16, Words: 8787
                Categories
                Subject: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: long non-coding rna,circrna,coronary artery disorder,expression,biomarkers
                Data availability:
                Keywords: long non-coding rna, circrna, coronary artery disorder, expression, biomarkers

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