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Abstract
An NMR-based metabolomics approach was used to investigate the differentiation between
subjects consuming cheese or milk and to elucidate the potential link to an effect
on blood cholesterol level. Fifteen healthy young men participated in a full crossover
study during which they consumed three isocaloric diets with similar fat contents
that were either (i) high in milk, (ii) high in cheese with equal amounts of dairy
calcium, or (iii) a control diet for 14 days. Urine and feces samples were collected
and analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Cheese and milk consumption decreased urinary
choline and TMAO levels and increased fecal excretion of acetate, propionate, and
lipid. Compared with milk intake, cheese consumption significantly reduced urinary
citrate, creatine, and creatinine levels and significantly increased the microbiota-related
metabolites butyrate, hippurate, and malonate. Correlation analyses indicated that
microbial and lipid metabolism could be involved in the dairy-induced effects on blood
cholesterol level.