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      Trauma cranioencefálico e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: como ventilar? Avaliação da prática clínica Translated title: Traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: how to ventilate? Evaluation of clinical practice

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O trauma cranioencefálico (TCE) constitui um problema de saúde mundial, muito destes pacientes evoluem com insuficiência respiratória necessitando de intubação traqueal e suporte ventilatório artificial, apresentando como complicações freqüentes a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). Dessa forma, este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a prática clínica diária sobre o manuseio ventilatório destes pacientes. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados quais os modos e os parâmetros ventilatórios utilizados para ventilar os pacientes com TCE e SDRA por uma amostra de fisioterapeutas da cidade de Salvador, BA, a partir de um estudo descritivo, por meio de entrevistas face-a-face no período de outubro de 2005 a março de 2006. Para tanto foi elaborado um questionário semi-estruturado contendo variáveis sócio-demográficas, o perfil do hospital e a estratégia ventilatória aplicada em pacientes com TCE que viessem desenvolver a SDRA. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 70 fisioterapeutas, 41 (58,6%) eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 31,2 ± 6,4 (24-49) anos e tempo de formado 7,7 ± 6,4 (1-27) anos, dos quais 37 (52,9%) trabalham em hospital público; 67 (95,7%) têm alguma especialização. Sessenta e quatro fisioterapeutas afirmam utilizar o modo pressão controlada (PCV). A pressão de pico e a pressão platô desejada para ventilar os pacientes com TCE e SDRA foram em média, de 35,6 ± 5,3 (25-50) e 28,4 ± 5,8 (15-35) cmH2O, respectivamente. Quarenta e oito entrevistados (68,6%) afirmaram desejar ventilar os pacientes com TCE e SDRA com a PaCO2 entre 30 e 35 mmHg. Trinta e um (44,3%) dos entrevistados afirmaram encontrar a PEEP ideal através da PEEP que ofertasse melhor SpO2 com menor FiO2. CONCLUSÔES: É incontestável que a estratégia ventilatória de paciente com TCE grave que venha a desenvolver LPA ou SDRA constitua um autêntico desafio; observa-se uma predileção pelo modo PCV devido à já conhecida ventilação com estratégia de proteção pulmonar.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a healthy-world problem, some of his patients develop respiratory failure, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, and the most common complications are the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this way, this study has the objective describe the daily clinical practice of respiratory care in this patients submit mechanical ventilation. METHODS: The methods and ventilatories parameters used to ventilate the patients with TBI and ARDS has been evaluated by a sample of physiotherapists from the city of Salvador, BA, from a descriptive study. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews in the period of October 2005 to March 2006. For in such way a half structuralized questionnaire was elaborated contends changeable social-demographic, about the hospital profile and the applied ventilatory strategy in patients with TBI that come to develop ARDS. RESULTS: The sample was composed by 70 physiotherapists, 41 (58.6%) was female, with mean of age of 31.2 ± 6.4 (24-49) years-old and graduated time 7.7 ± 6.4 (1-27) years, which 37 (52.9%) works on public hospital; 67 (95.7%) has any specialization. Sixty four physiotherapists affirm the usage of the pressure controlled ventilation mode. The peak pressure and the plateau pressure wanted to ventilate the patients with TBI and ARDS were in mean 35.6 ± 5,3 (25-50) and 28,4 ± 5,8 (15-35) cmH2O respectively. Forty eighty (68.6%) of the interviewed wants a PaCO2 in 30-35 mmHg. Thirty one (44.3%) of the interviewed finds the ideal PEEP through the best SpO2 with minor FiO2. CONCLUSIONS: It's incontestable that the ventilatory strategy of a patient with severe TBI that become to develop ALI or ARDS is an authentic challenge; a predilection for PCV mode is observed due to the already known protective ventilation strategy.

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          Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and targeted intensive care on functional outcome after severe head injury.

          : Intracranial hypertension after severe head injury is associated with case fatality, but there is no sound evidence that monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and targeted management of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) improve outcome, despite widespread recommendation by experts in the field. The purpose was to determine the effect of ICP/CPP-targeted intensive care on functional outcome and therapy intensity levels after severe head injury. : Retrospective cohort study with prospective assessment of outcome. : Two level I trauma centers in The Netherlands from 1996 to 2001. : Three hundred thirty-three patients who had survived and remained comatose for >24 hrs, from a total of 685 consecutive severely head-injured adults. : In center A (supportive intensive care), mean arterial pressure was maintained at approximately 90 mm Hg, and therapeutic interventions were based on clinical observations and computed tomography findings. In center B (ICP/CPP-targeted intensive care), management was aimed at maintaining ICP 70 mm Hg. Allocation to either trauma center was solely based on the site of the accident. : We measured extended Glasgow Outcome Scale after >/=12 months. Patient characteristics were well balanced between the centers. ICP monitoring was used in zero of 122 (0%) and 142 of 211 (67%) patients in centers A and B, respectively. In-hospital mortality rate was 41 (34%) vs. 69 (33%; p = .87). The odds ratio for a more favorable functional outcome following ICP/CPP-targeted therapy was 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.44). This result remained after adjustment for potential confounders. Sedatives, vasopressors, mannitol, and barbiturates were much more frequently used in center B (all p < .01). The median number of days on ventilator support in survivors was 5 (25th-75th percentile, 2-9) in center A vs. 12 (7-19) in center B (p < .001). : ICP/CPP-targeted intensive care results in prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased levels of therapy intensity, without evidence for improved outcome in patients who survive beyond 24 hrs following severe head injury.
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            Intracranial pressure responses to PEEP in head-injured patients.

            PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) was required in 12 head-injured patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring had been previously established. In six, ICP increased by 10 mm Hg or more as 4-8 cm H2O of PEEP were administered. In 10 patients the mean arterial pressure decreased during PEEP. Before PEEP, the mean cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = BP-ICP) was above 50 mm Hg in all patients. The CPP was less than 50 mm Hg in six patients given PEEP. Neurological deterioration occurred in two patients during PEEP therapy. In head-injured patients, optimal titration of PEEP therapy should include ICP measurement and/or continuous evaluation of neurologic status.
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              Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and compliance in brain-injured patients.

              E Frost (1977)
              Hypoxic pulmonary disorders and head injuries associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) frequently co-exist. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves hypoxemia but has been reported to impede cerebral venous return, potentially causing a further increase in ICP. This study examined the effects of PEEP on ICP at different levels of brain compliance. continuous ICP recordings were obtained after insertion of Scott cannulas to the lateral ventricles of seven comatose patients. Brain compliance was assessed by calculation of the pressure volume index. Patients were maintained in a 30 degrees head-up position. Maintenance of PEEP to levels of 40 cm H2O pressure for as long as 18 hours did not increase ICP in patients with either normal or low intracranial compliance, and did not increase ICP in the absence of pulmonary disease. Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased proportionately as PEEP was increased. No consistent changes were found in blood pressure recordings, nor were there any reductions in cardiac output found during the studies. Abrupt discontinuation of PEEP did not result in increased ICP except for a transient rise on two occasions when respiratory secretions became copious and the patients were inadequately ventilated. Improved oxygenation in two patients as a result of PEEP was concomitant with improved intracranial compliance and neurological status. In patients with brain injuries, PEEP improves arterial oxygenation without increasing ICP as previously supposed. Consequently, PEEP is a valuable form of therapy for the comatose patient with pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia or pulmonary edema.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Rev. bras. ter. intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo )
                1982-4335
                March 2007
                : 19
                : 1
                : 44-52
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Católica do Salvador Brazil
                [2 ] Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia
                [3 ] Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia
                Article
                S0103-507X2007000100006
                10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100006
                5851148e-00cf-4029-a59a-57dbdf8f3336

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-507X&lng=en
                Categories
                CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,Mechanical Ventilation,Traumatic Brain Injury,Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo,Traumatismo Cranioencefálico,Ventilação Mecânica

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