Bioactive Compounds of Edible Fruits with Their Anti-Aging Properties: A Comprehensive Review to Prolong Human Life

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Abstract

Aging is a complicated biological process in which functional and structural alterations in a living organism take place over time. Reactive oxygen species is one of the main factors responsible for aging and is associated with several chronic pathologies. The relationship between aging and diet is quite interesting and has attained worldwide attention. Healthy food, in addition to dietary antioxidants, are required to delay the process of aging and improve the quality of life. Many healthy foods such as fruits are a good source of dietary nutrients and natural bioactive compounds which have antioxidant properties and are involved in preventing aging and other age-related disorders. Health benefits linked with healthy consumption of fruit have drawn increased interest. A significant number of studies have documented the advantages of fruit intake, as it suppresses free-radical development that further reduces the oxidative stress created in the body and protects against several types of diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and other cardiovascular diseases that ultimately prevent aging. In addition, fruits have numerous other properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and have health-promoting effects. Mechanisms of various bioactive compounds that aids in preventing various diseases and increases longevity are also described. This manuscript provides a summary of various bioactive components present in fruits along with their health-promoting and antiaging properties.

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Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.

Marian Valko, Dieter Leibfritz, Jan Moncol … (2007)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS, e.g. nitric oxide, NO(*)) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. ROS and RNS are normally generated by tightly regulated enzymes, such as NO synthase (NOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase isoforms, respectively. Overproduction of ROS (arising either from mitochondrial electron-transport chain or excessive stimulation of NAD(P)H) results in oxidative stress, a deleterious process that can be an important mediator of damage to cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins, and DNA. In contrast, beneficial effects of ROS/RNS (e.g. superoxide radical and nitric oxide) occur at low/moderate concentrations and involve physiological roles in cellular responses to noxia, as for example in defence against infectious agents, in the function of a number of cellular signalling pathways, and the induction of a mitogenic response. Ironically, various ROS-mediated actions in fact protect cells against ROS-induced oxidative stress and re-establish or maintain "redox balance" termed also "redox homeostasis". The "two-faced" character of ROS is clearly substantiated. For example, a growing body of evidence shows that ROS within cells act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades which induce and maintain the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells, however, ROS can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis and can therefore function as anti-tumourigenic species. This review will describe the: (i) chemistry and biochemistry of ROS/RNS and sources of free radical generation; (ii) damage to DNA, to proteins, and to lipids by free radicals; (iii) role of antioxidants (e.g. glutathione) in the maintenance of cellular "redox homeostasis"; (iv) overview of ROS-induced signaling pathways; (v) role of ROS in redox regulation of normal physiological functions, as well as (vi) role of ROS in pathophysiological implications of altered redox regulation (human diseases and ageing). Attention is focussed on the ROS/RNS-linked pathogenesis of cancer, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), rheumatoid arthritis, and ageing. Topics of current debate are also reviewed such as the question whether excessive formation of free radicals is a primary cause or a downstream consequence of tissue injury.

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Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity.

Qiang Ma (2013)

Organismal life encounters reactive oxidants from internal metabolism and environmental toxicant exposure. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species cause oxidative stress and are traditionally viewed as being harmful. On the other hand, controlled production of oxidants in normal cells serves useful purposes to regulate signaling pathways. Reactive oxidants are counterbalanced by complex antioxidant defense systems regulated by a web of pathways to ensure that the response to oxidants is adequate for the body's needs. A recurrent theme in oxidant signaling and antioxidant defense is reactive cysteine thiol-based redox signaling. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance to oxidants. Nrf2 controls the basal and induced expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes to regulate the physiological and pathophysiological outcomes of oxidant exposure. This review discusses the impact of Nrf2 on oxidative stress and toxicity and how Nrf2 senses oxidants and regulates antioxidant defense.

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Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease

Yujun Hou, Xiuli Dan, Mansi Babbar … (2019)

Ageing is the primary risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). One in ten individuals aged ≥65 years has AD and its prevalence continues to increase with increasing age. Few or no effective treatments are available for ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases, which tend to progress in an irreversible manner and are associated with large socioeconomic and personal costs. This Review discusses the pathogenesis of AD, PD and other neurodegenerative diseases, and describes their associations with the nine biological hallmarks of ageing: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. The central biological mechanisms of ageing and their potential as targets of novel therapies for neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed, with potential therapies including NAD+ precursors, mitophagy inducers and inhibitors of cellular senescence.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants

Title: Antioxidants

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921

Publication date (Electronic): 13 November 2020

Publication date Collection: November 2020

Volume: 9

Issue: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 1123

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India; rajnidhalaria86@ 123456gmail.com (R.D.); spuri56@ 123456yahoo.com (S.P.)

[2 ]School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (Himachal Pradesh) 173229, India; chatantadk@ 123456yahoo.com

[3 ]Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla H.P. 171009, India; ashwanitapwal@ 123456gmail.com

[4 ]School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK430AL, UK; Vinod.Kumar@ 123456cranfield.ac.uk

[5 ]Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic; eugenie.nepovimova@ 123456uhk.cz

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: rachnac83@ 123456gmail.com (R.V.); kamil.kuca@ 123456uhk.cz (K.K.); Tel.: +42-0-603-289-166 (K.K.)

Author information

Rajni Dhalaria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-3432

Rachna Verma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-9450

Dinesh Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3485-6408

Ashwani Tapwal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-0500

Kamil Kuca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-1109

Article

Publisher ID: antioxidants-09-01123

DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111123

PMC ID: 7698232

PubMed ID: 33202871

SO-VID: 5a023e1b-0532-46df-ae2a-b82b4338c097

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Bioactive Compounds of Edible Fruits with Their Anti-Aging Properties: A Comprehensive Review to Prolong Human Life

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Most cited references 241

Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.

Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity.

Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease

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