Sonochemically assisted the synthesis and catalytic application of bismuth-based photocatalyst: A mini review

Graphical abstract

Highlights

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  This review focuses on the paths for Bi-based materials to profit from sonochemistry.

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  The roles of ultrasound in the process of material formation are introduced.

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  Inherent functionality of sonochemistry in photocatalysis is clarified.

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  Photocatalytic applications and status of enhanced Bi-based materials are discussed.

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  Future directions for ultrasonic synergistic Bi-based photocatalysts are presented.

Abstract

Recently, bismuth (Bi)-based photocatalysts have been a well-deserved hotspot in the field of photocatalysis owning to their photoelectrochemical properties driven by the distortion of the Bi 6 s orbital, while their narrow band gap and poor quantum efficiency still restrict their application. With the development of ultrasonic technology, it is expected to become a broom to clear the application obstacles of Bi-based photocatalysts. The special forces and environmental conditions brought by ultrasonic irradiation play beneficial roles in the preparation, modification and performance releasement of Bi-based photocatalysts. In this review, the role and influencing factors of ultrasound in the preparation and modification of Bi-based photocatalysts were introduced. Crucially, the mechanism of the improving the performance for various types of Bi-based photocatalysts by ultrasound in the whole process of photocatalysis was deeply analyzed. Then, the application of ultrasonic synergistic Bi-based photocatalysts in contaminants treatment and energy conversion was briefly introduced. Finally, based on an unambiguous understanding of ultrasonic technology in assisting Bi-based photocatalysts, the future directions and possibilities for ultrasonic synergistic Bi-based photocatalysts are explored.