Person-Centered Care as Facilitated by Kansas’ PEAK 2.0 Medicaid Pay-for-Performance Program and Nursing Home Resident Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

Purpose of the Study

Person-centered care (PCC) is intended to improve nursing home residents’ quality of life, but the closer bonds it engenders between residents and staff may also facilitate improvements to residents’ clinical health. Findings on whether adoption ameliorates resident clinical outcomes are conflicting, with some evidence of harm as well as benefit. To provide clearer evidence, the present study made use of Kansas’ PEAK 2.0 Medicaid pay-for-performance (P4P) program, which incents the adoption of PCC. The program is distinctive in training facilities’ staff on adopting PCC through a series of well-defined stages and providing regular feedback about their progress.

Design and Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed with 349 Kansas facilities spread across several well-defined PCC adoption stages, ranging from nonadoption to comprehensive adoption. The outcomes were thirteen 2014–2016 Nursing Home Compare long-stay resident clinical measures and a composite measure incorporating only nonimputed data for those 13 outcomes. Observed facility demographic differences were controlled for with propensity score adjustment. Treatment effect analyses were run with each outcome, with the predictor variable of program stage.

Results

Seven of the 13 clinical measures plus the composite measure indicated better health for residents in homes at higher program stages, relative to those in nonparticipating homes, including a 49% lower prevalence of major depressive symptoms in strongly adopting facilities.

Implications

The findings suggest that greater PCC adoption through PEAK participation is associated with better quality of care. Policymakers in other states may want to consider implementing a program modeled on PEAK 2.0.