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      Impacts of exposure to air pollution, radon and climate drivers on the COVID-19 pandemic in Bucharest, Romania: A time series study

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      Author(s): a , ∗ , a , a , a
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Environmental Research
      Publisher: National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics INOE 2000. Published by Elsevier Inc.
      Keywords: COVID-19 viral infection, Air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, CO, Radon (222Rn), Climate variables, Synoptic atmospheric circulation, NASA, Reanalysis NCEP/NCAR PSD, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Outdoor Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019, SARS-CoV, Severe Outdoor Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, DNC-Daily, New COVID-19 positive cases, DND, Daily New COVID-19 Deaths, PM, Particulate Matter, PM1(1 μm), PM2.5 (2.5 μm) and PM10(10.0 μm) diameter, O3, Ozone, NO2, Nitrogen dioxide, SO2, Sulfur dioxide, CO, Carbon monoxide, 222Rn, Radon, PBL, Planetary Boundary Layer height, T, Air temperature, RH, Air relative humidity, w, Wind speed intensity, SI, Surface solar global irradiance, NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S.A

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          Abstract

          During the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic disease, like several countries, Romania experienced a multiwaves pattern over more than two years. The spreading pattern of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens in the Bucharest, capital of Romania is a multi-factorial process involving among other factors outdoor environmental variables and viral inactivation. Through descriptive statistics and cross-correlation analysis applied to daily time series of observational and geospatial data, this study aims to evaluate the synergy of COVID-19 incidence and lethality with air pollution and radon under different climate conditions, which may exacerbate the coronavirus’ effect on human health. During the entire analyzed period 1 January 2020–21 December 2021, for each of the four COVID-19 waves were recorded different anomalous anticyclonic synoptic meteorological patterns in the mid-troposphere, and favorable stability conditions during fall-early winter seasons for COVID-19 disease fast-spreading, mostly during the second, and the fourth waves. As the temporal pattern of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and its mutagen variants is affected by seasonal variability of the main air pollutants and climate parameters, this paper found: 1) the daily outdoor exposures to air pollutants (particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, nitrogen dioxide-NO 2, sulfur dioxide-SO 2, carbon monoxide-CO) and radon - 222Rn, are directly correlated with the daily COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and may contribute to the spread and the severity of the pandemic; 2) the daily ground ozone-O 3 levels, air temperature, Planetary Boundary Layer height, and surface solar irradiance are anticorrelated with the daily new COVID-19 incidence and deaths, averageingful for spring-summer periods. Outdoor exposure to ambient air pollution associated with radon is a non-negligible driver of COVID-19 transmission in large metropolitan areas, and climate variables are risk factors in spreading the viral infection. The findings of this study provide useful information for public health authorities and decision-makers to develop future pandemic diseases strategies in high polluted metropolitan environments.

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          Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

          Alexandra C Walls, Young-Jun Park, M. Alejandra Tortorici … (2020)
          Summary The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in >90,000 infections and >3,000 deaths. Coronavirus spike (S) glycoproteins promote entry into cells and are the main target of antibodies. We show that SARS-CoV-2 S uses ACE2 to enter cells and that the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 S and SARS-CoV S bind with similar affinities to human ACE2, correlating with the efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 among humans. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein harbors a furin cleavage site at the boundary between the S1/S2 subunits, which is processed during biogenesis and sets this virus apart from SARS-CoV and SARS-related CoVs. We determined cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 S ectodomain trimer, providing a blueprint for the design of vaccines and inhibitors of viral entry. Finally, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV S murine polyclonal antibodies potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S mediated entry into cells, indicating that cross-neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved S epitopes can be elicited upon vaccination.
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            Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

            Christopher J L Murray, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Peng Zheng … (2021)
            Summary Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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              COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review

              Koichi Yuki, Miho Fujiogi, Sophia Koutsogiannaki (2020)
              In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, now named as SARS-CoV-2, caused a series of acute atypical respiratory diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease caused by this virus was termed COVID-19. The virus is transmittable between humans and has caused pandemic worldwide. The number of death tolls continues to rise and a large number of countries have been forced to do social distancing and lockdown. Lack of targeted therapy continues to be a problem. Epidemiological studies showed that elder patients were more susceptible to severe diseases, while children tend to have milder symptoms. Here we reviewed the current knowledge about this disease and considered the potential explanation of the different symptomatology between children and adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Res
                Title: Environmental Research
                Publisher: National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics INOE 2000. Published by Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0013-9351
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0953
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 May 2022
                Publication date (Print): September 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 May 2022
                Volume: 212
                Page: 113437
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0013-9351(22)00764-2 Publisher ID: 113437
                DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113437
                PMC ID: 9113773
                PubMed ID: 35594963
                SO-VID: 5c77492c-d27b-48c4-a1e7-97446e81ac0e
                Copyright © © 2022 National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics INOE 2000
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2022
                Date revision received : 3 May 2022
                Date accepted : 4 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19 viral infection,air pollutants: pm2.5,pm10,o3,no2,so2,co,radon (222rn),climate variables,synoptic atmospheric circulation,nasa,reanalysis ncep/ncar psd,sars-cov-2, severe outdoor respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,sars-cov, severe outdoor respiratory syndrome coronavirus,mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus,dnc-daily, new covid-19 positive cases,dnd, daily new covid-19 deaths,pm, particulate matter,pm1(1 μm), pm2.5 (2.5 μm) and pm10(10.0 μm) diameter,o3, ozone,no2, nitrogen dioxide,so2, sulfur dioxide,co, carbon monoxide,222rn, radon,pbl, planetary boundary layer height,t, air temperature,rh, air relative humidity,w, wind speed intensity,si, surface solar global irradiance,noaa, national oceanic and atmospheric administration u.s.a
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19 viral infection, air pollutants: pm2.5, pm10, o3, no2, so2, co, radon (222rn), climate variables, synoptic atmospheric circulation, nasa, reanalysis ncep/ncar psd, sars-cov-2, severe outdoor respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, sars-cov, severe outdoor respiratory syndrome coronavirus, mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dnc-daily, new covid-19 positive cases, dnd, daily new covid-19 deaths, pm, particulate matter, pm1(1 μm), pm2.5 (2.5 μm) and pm10(10.0 μm) diameter, o3, ozone, no2, nitrogen dioxide, so2, sulfur dioxide, co, carbon monoxide, 222rn, radon, pbl, planetary boundary layer height, t, air temperature, rh, air relative humidity, w, wind speed intensity, si, surface solar global irradiance, noaa, national oceanic and atmospheric administration u.s.a

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