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      Visualizing moiré ferroelectricity via plasmons and nano-photocurrent in graphene/twisted-WSe 2 structures

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          Abstract

          Ferroelectricity, a spontaneous and reversible electric polarization, is found in certain classes of van der Waals (vdW) materials. The discovery of ferroelectricity in twisted vdW layers provides new opportunities to engineer spatially dependent electric and optical properties associated with the configuration of moiré superlattice domains and the network of domain walls. Here, we employ near-field infrared nano-imaging and nano-photocurrent measurements to study ferroelectricity in minimally twisted WSe 2. The ferroelectric domains are visualized through the imaging of the plasmonic response in a graphene monolayer adjacent to the moiré WSe 2 bilayers. Specifically, we find that the ferroelectric polarization in moiré domains is imprinted on the plasmonic response of the graphene. Complementary nano-photocurrent measurements demonstrate that the optoelectronic properties of graphene are also modulated by the proximal ferroelectric domains. Our approach represents an alternative strategy for studying moiré ferroelectricity at native length scales and opens promising prospects for (opto)electronic devices.

          Abstract

          Recent experiments have shown the formation of ferroelectric domains in twisted van der Waals bilayers. Here, the authors report near-field infrared nano-imaging and nano-photocurrent measurements to investigate ferroelectricity in minimally twisted WSe 2 by visualizing the plasmonic and photo-thermoelectric response of an adjacent graphene monolayer.

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          Most cited references54

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          Above-bandgap voltages from ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.

          S. Yang, J Seidel, S. Byrnes … (2010)
          In conventional solid-state photovoltaics, electron-hole pairs are created by light absorption in a semiconductor and separated by the electric field spaning a micrometre-thick depletion region. The maximum voltage these devices can produce is equal to the semiconductor electronic bandgap. Here, we report the discovery of a fundamentally different mechanism for photovoltaic charge separation, which operates over a distance of 1-2 nm and produces voltages that are significantly higher than the bandgap. The separation happens at previously unobserved nanoscale steps of the electrostatic potential that naturally occur at ferroelectric domain walls in the complex oxide BiFeO(3). Electric-field control over domain structure allows the photovoltaic effect to be reversed in polarity or turned off. This new degree of control, and the high voltages produced, may find application in optoelectronic devices.
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            Optical nano-imaging of gate-tunable graphene plasmons

            Jianing Chen, Michela Badioli, Pablo Alonso-González … (2012)
            The ability to manipulate optical fields and the energy flow of light is central to modern information and communication technologies, as well as quantum information processing schemes. However, because photons do not possess charge, a way of controlling them efficiently by electrical means has so far proved elusive. A promising way to achieve electric control of light could be through plasmon polaritons—coupled excitations of photons and charge carriers—in graphene. In this two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, it is expected that plasmon polaritons and their associated optical fields can readily be tuned electrically by varying the graphene carrier density. Although evidence of optical graphene plasmon resonances has recently been obtained spectroscopically, no experiments so far have directly resolved propagating plasmons in real space. Here we launch and detect propagating optical plasmons in tapered graphene nanostructures using near-field scattering microscopy with infrared excitation light. We provide real-space images of plasmon fields, and find that the extracted plasmon wavelength is very short—more than 40 times smaller than the wavelength of illumination. We exploit this strong optical field confinement to turn a graphene nanostructure into a tunable resonant plasmonic cavity with extremely small mode volume. The cavity resonance is controlled in situ by gating the graphene, and in particular, complete switching on and off of the plasmon modes is demonstrated, thus paving the way towards graphene-based optical transistors. This successful alliance between nanoelectronics and nano-optics enables the development of active subwavelength-scale optics and a plethora of nano-optoelectronic devices and functionalities, such as tunable metamaterials, nanoscale optical processing, and strongly enhanced light–matter interactions for quantum devices and biosensing applications.
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              Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging.

              Z Fei, A S Rodin, G Andreev … (2012)
              Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in metals or semiconductors that enable confinement and control of electromagnetic energy at subwavelength scales. Rapid progress in plasmonics has largely relied on advances in device nano-fabrication, whereas less attention has been paid to the tunable properties of plasmonic media. One such medium--graphene--is amenable to convenient tuning of its electronic and optical properties by varying the applied voltage. Here, using infrared nano-imaging, we show that common graphene/SiO(2)/Si back-gated structures support propagating surface plasmons. The wavelength of graphene plasmons is of the order of 200 nanometres at technologically relevant infrared frequencies, and they can propagate several times this distance. We have succeeded in altering both the amplitude and the wavelength of these plasmons by varying the gate voltage. Using plasmon interferometry, we investigated losses in graphene by exploring real-space profiles of plasmon standing waves formed between the tip of our nano-probe and the edges of the samples. Plasmon dissipation quantified through this analysis is linked to the exotic electrodynamics of graphene. Standard plasmonic figures of merit of our tunable graphene devices surpass those of common metal-based structures.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shuai Zhang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2158-2495
                sz2822@columbia.edu
                D. N. Basov:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-5387
                db3056@columbia.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun
                Title: Nature Communications
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6200
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physics, Columbia University, ( https://ror.org/00hj8s172) New York, NY 10027 USA
                [2 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, ( https://ror.org/00hj8s172) New York, NY 10027 USA
                [3 ]Department of Physics, Harvard University, ( https://ror.org/03vek6s52) Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
                [4 ]Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, ( https://ror.org/05qghxh33) Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
                [5 ]Department of Physics, University of Washington, ( https://ror.org/00cvxb145) Seattle, WA 98195 USA
                [6 ]Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, ( https://ror.org/00hj8s172) New York, NY 10027 USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.266100.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2107 4242, Department of Physics, , University of California, San Diego, ; La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
                [8 ]Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, ( https://ror.org/03cve4549) Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2158-2495
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6329-8647
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0342-6248
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-3848
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-6735
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-2624
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0358-6831
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6325-3246
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2891-0028
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-5364
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-108X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1665-0724
                http://orcid.org/0009-0000-0380-8329
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2744-0634
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-5960
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7254-2728
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0348-2095
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-9133
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-3301
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-5387
                Article
                Publisher ID: 41773
                DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41773-x
                PMC ID: 10550968
                PubMed ID: 37794007
                SO-VID: 5e74174b-1d1d-4e72-8c6b-a200b644f972
                Copyright © © Springer Nature Limited 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2023
                Date accepted : 15 September 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100006151, DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (BES);
                Award ID: DE-SC0012704
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Limited 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: polaritons,nanophotonics and plasmonics,ferroelectrics and multiferroics,infrared spectroscopy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: polaritons, nanophotonics and plasmonics, ferroelectrics and multiferroics, infrared spectroscopy

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