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      Perfil de resistencia de Staphylococcus spp aislados de hemocultivos en el Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social Translated title: Resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp isolated from hemocultures in the Hospital Central of the Instituto de Prevision Social

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          Abstract

          Las infecciones nosocomiales por Staphylococcus spp constituyen uno de los problemas de mayor preocupación en salud pública en todo el mundo. Debido a que existen diferencias según centro hospitalario, paciente, área y tiempo de internación es esencial conocer el perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos más utilizados de las cepas de Staphylococcus involucradas en estas infecciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el perfil de resistencia de los aislados de Staphylococcus aureus (Sau) y Estafilococo coagulasa negativo (ECN) de muestras de hemocultivos de pacientes adultos, pediátricos y recién nacidos internados entre el 1 de junio de 2005 al 30 de junio de 2006, en varios servicios del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS.).Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los resultados de antibiograma realizados en el Servicio de Microbiología del IPS. Los antibióticos evaluados fueron oxacilina (OXA), penicilina (PEN), eritromicina (ERY), clindamicina (CLI), ciprofloxacina (CIP), gentamicina (GEN), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMS), tetraciclina (TET) y vancomicina (VAN). De 5698 hemocultivos realizados en este periodo, 1706 (30%) fueron positivos. De estos, en 755 (44%) se aisló Staphylococcus spp; correspondiendo 327 (43,3%) a Sau y 428 (56,7%) a ECN. El perfil de resistencia para Sau y ECN fue respectivamente como sigue: OXA 64% y 87%, PEN 96% y 95%, ERY 48% y 52%, CIP 42% y 40%, GEN 48% y 48% y no presentaron R a VAN. El 58% de los Sau y el 56% de los ECN fueron resistentes a más de 4 antibióticos. La alta frecuencia de resistencia a la meticilina y la poliresistencia hallada en este trabajo deben ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de indicar esquemas de antibióticos empíricos y para realizar ajustes oportunos de los ya iniciados. No se encontró ninguna cepa resistente a la vancomicina, que es considerada el mejor antimicrobiano disponible para el tratamiento de infecciones por estafilococos resistentes a las penicilinas que no son inhibidas por las penicilinasas.

          Translated abstract

          Nosocomial infections due to Staphylococcus spp areone of the major concerns in public health all over the world. Because there are differences according to health center, patient, area and days of hospitalization, the knowledge of the resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp to the most common antibiotics is essential. The objective of the present study was to determine the resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus (Sau) and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains isolated from hemoculture of adult, pediatric and neonatal patients, hospitalized in the Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social from June 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006. Antibiogram results carried out at the Laboratory of Microbiology of the IPS were retrospectively reviewed. The antibiotics evaluated were oxacillin (OXA), penicillin (PEN), erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GEN), trimethoprim-sulphametoxazol (TMS), tetracycline (TET) and vancomycin (VAN). Of the 5,698 hemocultures carried out in this period, 1706 (30%) were positive. Staphylococcus spp was isolated in 755 (44%) samples; 327 (43.3%) of them corresponded to Sau and 428 (56.7%) to ECN. Resistance profile for Sau and ECN were as follows: OXA 64% and 87%, PEN 96% and 95%, ERY 48% and 52%, CIP 42% and 40%, GEN 48% and 48% and VAN did not present resistance to any of the antibiotics tested. Fifty eight percent of all Sau and 56% of ECN isolates were resistant to more than 4 antibiotics. The high frequency of penicillin resistance and poly resistance found in this study have to be taken into account at the time of choosing an empirical antibiotic scheme and for the adjustment of those already implemented. No isolates were resistant to vancomycin which is still the best antibiotic available for the treatment of infections due to penicillin resistant Staphylococcus that are inhibited by penicillinase.

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          Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles.

          Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening infection requiring urgent surgical and medical therapy. Staphylococcus aureus has been a very uncommon cause of necrotizing fasciitis, but we have recently noted an alarming number of these infections caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We reviewed the records of 843 patients whose wound cultures grew MRSA at our center from January 15, 2003, to April 15, 2004. Among this cohort, 14 were identified as patients presenting from the community with clinical and intraoperative findings of necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, or both. The median age of the patients was 46 years (range, 28 to 68), and 71 percent were men. Coexisting conditions or risk factors included current or past injection-drug use (43 percent); previous MRSA infection, diabetes, and chronic hepatitis C (21 percent each); and cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (7 percent each). Four patients (29 percent) had no serious coexisting conditions or risk factors. All patients received combined medical and surgical therapy, and none died, but they had serious complications, including the need for reconstructive surgery and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. Wound cultures were monomicrobial for MRSA in 86 percent, and 40 percent of patients (4 of 10) for whom blood cultures were obtained had positive results. All MRSA isolates were susceptible in vitro to clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifampin. All recovered isolates belonged to the same genotype (multilocus sequence type ST8, pulsed-field type USA300, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV [SCCmecIV]) and carried the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), lukD, and lukE genes, but no other toxin genes were detected. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated MRSA is an emerging clinical entity. In areas in which community-associated MRSA infection is endemic, empirical treatment of suspected necrotizing fasciitis should include antibiotics predictably active against this pathogen. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Resistencia bacteriana en Chile

            La resistencia bacteriana es un fenómeno complejo en que influyen factores como el uso y abuso de los antimicrobianos, el debilitamiento de los programas de control de infecciones y la existencia de pacientes complejos multi-invadidos. Dado que la resistencia bacteriana tiene como principal consecuencia el fracaso de la terapia antimicrobiana, el aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y el aumento en los costos de la atención médica, resulta indispensable la contención del problema. La etapa inicial de la contención es conocer la magnitud de la resistencia bacteriana, lo que en nuestro país ha resultado difícil por carecer de un sistema nacional de registro, unificado, de gran cobertura y con una calidad certificada. Con los datos disponibles a la fecha obtenidos de diversas fuentes de información, resulta preocupante la emergencia de resistencia en Staphylococcus aureus a meticilina, en Streptococcus pneumoniae a penicilina, en Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae a cefalosporinas de tercera generación y de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a imipenem. En estos últimos aspectos es preocupante el aumento progresivo de resistencia de E. coli y K. pneumoniae a cefalosporinas de tercera generación por beta lactamasas de espectro extendido, que confieren resistencia a todos los beta lactámicos, cuyos test confirmatorios están escasamente implementados en nuestro país. Respecto de la resistencia de P. aeruginosa a carbapemémicos aún no es un problema de gran magnitud en Chile, pero en hospitales de alta complejidad deben existir terapias alternativas y métodos que permitan la confirmación de la resistencia a este antimicrobiano. En suma, queda manifiesta la absoluta necesidad de conocer en forma representativa y certificada las cifras de resistencia a los diferentes antimicrobianos, para adoptar las medidas terapeúticas necesarias
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              Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in Asunción, Paraguay.

              We characterized 34 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Paraguay in 2005. The strains belonged to two clones. The major clone (sequence type 5 [ST5] or ST221, spa type t149, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec [SCCmec] type I) was similar to the Cordobes/Chilean clone spreading through South America, and the minor clone (ST239 or ST889, spa type t037, SCCmec type IIIA) was related to the Brazilian clone.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                iics
                Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud
                Mem. Inst. Investig. Cienc. Salud
                Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (Asunción, , Paraguay )
                1812-9528
                December 2008
                : 6
                : 2
                : 18-24
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Asunción orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud
                [01] orgnameHospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social orgdiv1Servicio Infectología
                [03] Asunción orgnameHospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social orgdiv1Servicio Microbiología Paraguay
                Article
                S1812-95282008000200004
                63d0c914-7561-4421-acec-d816fe73c3fe

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                Staphylococcus aureus,estafilocococoagulasa negative,coagulase-negative staphylococci,resistance,hemoculture,resistencia,hemocultivos

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