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      A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee

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          Abstract

          The honeybee genome has substantially fewer protein coding genes (≈ 11 000 genes) than Drosophila melanogaster (≈ 13 500) and Anopheles gambiae (≈ 14 000). Some of the most marked differences occur in three superfamilies encoding xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes. Specifically there are only about half as many glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) in the honeybee. This includes 10-fold or greater shortfalls in the numbers of Delta and Epsilon GSTs and CYP4 P450s, members of which clades have been recurrently associated with insecticide resistance in other species. These shortfalls may contribute to the sensitivity of the honeybee to insecticides. On the other hand there are some recent radiations in CYP6, CYP9 and certain CCE clades in A. mellifera that could be associated with the evolution of the hormonal and chemosensory processes underpinning its highly organized eusociality.

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          MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment.

          S. KUMAR (2004)
          With its theoretical basis firmly established in molecular evolutionary and population genetics, the comparative DNA and protein sequence analysis plays a central role in reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and multigene families, estimating rates of molecular evolution, and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and genomes. The scope of these investigations has now expanded greatly owing to the development of high-throughput sequencing techniques and novel statistical and computational methods. These methods require easy-to-use computer programs. One such effort has been to produce Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, with its focus on facilitating the exploration and analysis of the DNA and protein sequence variation from an evolutionary perspective. Currently in its third major release, MEGA3 contains facilities for automatic and manual sequence alignment, web-based mining of databases, inference of the phylogenetic trees, estimation of evolutionary distances and testing evolutionary hypotheses. This paper provides an overview of the statistical methods, computational tools, and visual exploration modules for data input and the results obtainable in MEGA.
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            DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods.

            Julio Rozas, Juan Sánchez-DelBarrio, Xavier Messeguer … (2003)
            DnaSP is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Present version introduces several new modules and features which, among other options allow: (1) handling big data sets (approximately 5 Mb per sequence); (2) conducting a large number of coalescent-based tests by Monte Carlo computer simulations; (3) extensive analyses of the genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations; (4) analysing the evolutionary pattern of preferred and unpreferred codons; (5) generating graphical outputs for an easy visualization of results. The software package, including complete documentation and examples, is freely available to academic users from: http://www.ub.es/dnasp
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              The Bioperl toolkit: Perl modules for the life sciences.

              Jason E Stajich, David Block, Kris Boulez … (2002)
              The Bioperl project is an international open-source collaboration of biologists, bioinformaticians, and computer scientists that has evolved over the past 7 yr into the most comprehensive library of Perl modules available for managing and manipulating life-science information. Bioperl provides an easy-to-use, stable, and consistent programming interface for bioinformatics application programmers. The Bioperl modules have been successfully and repeatedly used to reduce otherwise complex tasks to only a few lines of code. The Bioperl object model has been proven to be flexible enough to support enterprise-level applications such as EnsEMBL, while maintaining an easy learning curve for novice Perl programmers. Bioperl is capable of executing analyses and processing results from programs such as BLAST, ClustalW, or the EMBOSS suite. Interoperation with modules written in Python and Java is supported through the evolving BioCORBA bridge. Bioperl provides access to data stores such as GenBank and SwissProt via a flexible series of sequence input/output modules, and to the emerging common sequence data storage format of the Open Bioinformatics Database Access project. This study describes the overall architecture of the toolkit, the problem domains that it addresses, and gives specific examples of how the toolkit can be used to solve common life-sciences problems. We conclude with a discussion of how the open-source nature of the project has contributed to the development effort.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Insect Mol Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): imb
                Title: Insect Molecular Biology
                Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 0962-1075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1365-2583
                Publication date (Print): October 2006
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 615-636
                Affiliations
                [* ]Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
                [† ]Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Entomology Canberra, ACT, Australia
                [‡ ]Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool, UK
                [§ ]Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
                []Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
                [** ]Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Centre de Recherche de Sophia Antipolis Sophia Antipolis, France
                Author notes
                Correspondence: C. Claudianos, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Fax: +61(2)61253808; e-mail: charles.claudianos@ 123456anu.edu.au

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00672.x
                PMC ID: 1761136
                PubMed ID: 17069637
                SO-VID: 656415ae-f61f-49d9-a390-d50ca654b6ec
                Copyright © © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 The Royal Entomological Society
                History
                Date received : 19 April 2006
                Date accepted : 30 May 2006
                Categories
                Subject: Special Issue: The Honey Bee Genome

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: esterase,insecticide resistance,honeybee,glutathione-s-transferase,cytochrome p450 monooxygenase
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: esterase, insecticide resistance, honeybee, glutathione-s-transferase, cytochrome p450 monooxygenase

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