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      Multivariate analysis of body morphometric traits in conjunction with performance of reproduction and milk traits in crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) in North-Eastern Brazil

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          Abstract

          We studied the relationship between body morphometric traits, and their underlying association with milk production (MP), lactation length (LL), first calving interval (FCI) and subsequent calving interval (CI) of crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo aiming to assist in selection programs. We carried out principal component analysis (PCA) of the body morphometric traits, which include breast width (BW), thigh width (THW), hip width (HW), rump width (RW), rump length (RL), body depth (BD), body length (BL), height withers (HEW), rear height (RH), shoulder width (SW), thorax width (TW), loin width (LW), distance from the head to ischium (DHI), and thoracic perimeter (TP). We determined the association of morphometric traits with milk/reproduction traits using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The analysis revealed that the first six PCA accounted for 82.14% of the total observed variation, and the traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, TP, RH, and BW, accounted for almost half (48.00%) of the total variance indicating a higher contribution in body structural conformation. The first canonical function was significant (p<0.05), accounted for 72.46% of the total variance, and the canonical correlation was 0.56, indicating the dependence between both groups of traits. Higher canonical loadings were obtained for LL (0.49), FCI (0.46), BW (-0.71), BL (-0.56), DHI (-0.34), HEW, (-0.38) and TP (-0.50). These traits were most important for the derivation of canonical statistical variables, and presented a higher canonical correlations (r) between the dependent (LL/FCI) and independent (BW, BL, DHI, HEW and TP) groups. The results could suggest that the body morphometric traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, BD, TP, RH, and BW could play important role in body structural composition, indicating a suitable functional type, and aid designing of selection programs for buffalo breeding.

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          Discarding Variables in a Principal Component Analysis. II: Real Data

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            Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint.

            The annual genetic trend for milk yield of Holsteins in the United States has accelerated with time and had means of 37 kg during the 1960s, 79 kg during the 1970s, 102 kg during the 1980s, and 116 kg from 1990 to 1996. Selection programs of the dairy cattle breeding firms in the United States have become more selective and effective with time, and selection goals continue to place major emphasis on yield traits, which clearly impact profitability of dairying. Traits other than yield are also included in selection goals of the industry. Type traits, especially those related to udder conformation, body size, and angularity have been included in selection programs and have altered the appearance and physiological functions of Holstein cows. Selection programs have continued to increase the body size of Holsteins despite mounting evidence that smaller cows have advantages for survival and efficiency. Favorable emphasis on cows that appear sharper might result in cows that are more prone to metabolic problems. The high intensity of current selection in the United States has brought about a rapid increase in genetic relationships among animals. Increased relationships will inevitably result in undesirable levels of inbreeding in the commercial cow population unless dairy producers turn to crossbreeding.
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              Caracterização fenotípica e genética da produção de leite e do intervalo entre partos em bubalinos da raça Murrah

              O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as correlações, herdabilidades, repetibilidades, tendências genéticas e fenotípicas, e avaliar as distribuições univariada e bivariada da produção de leite e do intervalo entre partos, em fêmeas bubalinas da raça Murrah, paridas no período de 1982 a 2003. As tendências genéticas e fenotípicas foram estimadas pelas regressões das variáveis dependentes sobre o ano de parto, pelos métodos: regressão linear e regressão não paramétrica, utilizando-se a função de alisamento Spline. As herdabilidades estimadas foram 0,21 e 0,02, e as repetibilidades, 0,32 e 0,06, para a produção de leite e intervalo entre partos, respectivamente. As correlações genética, fenotípica e ambiental foram -0,22, 0,01 e 0,03, respectivamente. As tendências genéticas (regressão linear) foram significativas e iguais a 1,57 kg por ano e 0,085 dia por ano, e as tendências fenotípicas foram 27,74 kg por ano e 0,647 dia por ano, para a produção de leite e intervalo entre partos, respectivamente, tendo sido significativa apenas para a produção de leite. A correlação negativa sugere a existência de antagonismo favorável entre produção de leite e intervalo entre partos; assim é possível selecionar animais com altos valores genéticos para a produção de leite e com menores valores para o intervalo entre partos.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 April 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 4
                : e0231407
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Northeast Network of Biotechnology - RENORBIO, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Alagoas, Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brazil
                [2 ] Castanha Grande Farm, São Luiz do Quitunde, Alagoas, Brazil
                [3 ] Departament of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Recôncavo Baiano, Bahia, Brazil
                [4 ] Departament of Statistic, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
                [5 ] Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
                [6 ] Animal Science Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
                Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, TURKEY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-3000
                Article
                PONE-D-19-26579
                10.1371/journal.pone.0231407
                7173789
                32315344
                65a7f084-6593-4635-bf64-01976854aba1
                © 2020 Araújo de Melo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 September 2019
                : 23 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 6, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: Higher Level Personnel Improvement Coordination
                Award ID: 001
                Award Recipient :
                BAM, This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, https://www.capes.gov.br/, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas – Brasil (FAPEAL) - Finance Code 01, http://fapeal.br/, The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Morphometry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Ischium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Ischium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Algebra
                Linear Algebra
                Eigenvalues
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Algebra
                Linear Algebra
                Eigenvectors
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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