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      Antibacterial Effects of Leaf Extract of Nandina domestica and the Underlined Mechanism

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          Abstract

          Aim

          The study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antiasthmatic effects of Nandina domestica leaf extract, to find out its active components, and to assess its safety issue.

          Methods

          (1) Solid-phase agar dilution method was used for antibacterial activity test of nandina leaf extract and the change of bacterial morphology after treatment was observed under the transmission microscope; (2) guinea pig model of asthma was used to test the asthma prevention effect of nandina leaf extract; (3) alkaloids and flavones were separated from nandina leaf extract and were further analyzed with HPLC-MS; (4) mice model was used to assessment of the safety issue of nandina leaf extract.

          Results

          (1) Nandina leaf extract inhibited the growth of bacteria and destroyed bacterial membrane; (2) nandina leaf extract alleviated animal allergy and asthma; (3) the components reextracted by ethyl acetate were active, in which alkaloids inhibited Gram-positive bacteria and prevented asthma and flavones inhibited Gram-negative bacteria; (4) nandina leaf extract had no toxic effect on mice.

          Conclusion

          Nandina leaves inhibit bacterial growth and prevent asthma through alkaloids and flavones, which had integrated function against chronic bronchitis. This study provided theoretical basement for producing new Chinese medicine against chronic bronchitis.

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          Most cited references13

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          Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.

          Vivek Bajpai, Manjit S. Kang, Mohammed Atiqur Rahman (2008)
          The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Nandina domestica Thunb. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various organic extracts against a panel of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19166, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1916, S. aureus ATCC6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC2004, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2515, Salmonella enteridis KCCM12021, Escherichia coli 0157-Human, E. coli ATCC8739, E. coli 057:H7 ATCC43888 and Enterobacter aerognes KCTC2190. The chemical composition of essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. It was determined that 79 compounds, which represented 87.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contained mainly 1-indolizino carbazole (19.65%), 2-pentanone (16.4%), mono phenol (12.1%), aziridine (9.01%), methylcarbinol (4.6%), ethanone (3.3%), furfural (2.96%), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1.29%) and 2(5H)-furanone (1.32%). The oil (1000 ppm/disc), and various organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1500 ppm/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (9-18 and 7-13 mm) and MIC values (62.5 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 microg/ml), respectively against the tested bacteria. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. These results indicate the potential efficacy of plant-based natural products such as essential oil and organic extracts of N. domestica to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.
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            Antifungal potential of essential oil and various organic extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. against skin infectious fungal pathogens.

            J.-G. Yoon, Manjit S. Kang, Vivek Bajpai (2009)
            This study was undertaken to assess the in vitro antifungal potential of the essential oil and n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. against dermatophytes, the casual agents of superficial infections in animals and human beings. The oil (1,000 microg/disc) and extracts (1,500 microg/disc) revealed 31.1-68.6% and 19.2-55.1% antidermatophytic effect against Trichophyton rubrum KCTC 6345, T. rubrum KCTC 6375, T. rubrum KCTC 6352, Trichophyton mentagrophytes KCTC 6085, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6077, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6316, Microsporum canis KCTC 6591, M. canis KCTC 6348, and M. canis KCTC 6349, respectively, along with their respective minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 62.5 to 500 and 125 to 2,000 microg/ml. Also, the oil had strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested dermatophytic fungi as well as concentration and time-dependent kinetic inhibition of T. rubrum KCTC 6375. The present results demonstrated that N. domestica mediated oil and extracts could be potential sources of natural fungicides to control certain important dermatophytic fungi.
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              Evidence of bacterial infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

              Robert Wilson (2000)
              The frequency with which bacterial infection causes exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may depend on the dominant pathology present; patients with chronic bronchitis are more susceptible to bacterial bronchial infections than those at the emphysema or asthma ends of the spectrum. However, impairment in respiratory function may be very important in governing the outcome of an exacerbation. Placebo-controlled trials have provided conflicting evidence of the efficacy of antibiotics in acute exacerbations. Overall, there is a significant benefit, particularly in certain patient groups, defined by symptoms and past history. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the species most commonly isolated during exacerbations, and the same species may colonize the bronchial mucosa when the patient is in a stable state. Evidence is accumulating that bacteria are an independent stimulus of mucus hypersecretion and bronchial inflammation, and that they interact with other stimuli such as viral infection, atmospheric pollution, and tobacco smoke. New approaches are being used to investigate the importance of bacterial infection in patients with COPD. There are several good reasons why new more potent antibiotics might be expected to be superior to older standard compounds in the management of patients with problematic COPD. However, future studies should aim to confirm that bacteriologic superiority translates into improved clinical outcomes, and seek to measure the level of benefit.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wei Zhao:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-8169
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 January 2018
                Volume: 2018
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8298151
                Affiliations
                1Lab of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
                2Department of Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
                3Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Laura De Martino

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-7720
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-521X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-2880
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1693-3564
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-8169
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2018/8298151
                PMC ID: 5822912
                SO-VID: 668fc8ca-d4ea-4fa7-b73e-88a3535524ed
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018 Zhao-Yu Guo et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 June 2017
                Date accepted : 18 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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