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      • Record: found
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      Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of QMix™ 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans

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          Abstract

          Aim/Objective:

          The aim of this study is to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of QMix™ 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.

          Materials and Methods:

          Eighty freshly extracted, single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented and autoclaved. Samples were divided into two groups of 40 teeth each based on the type of microorganism used. Group I was inoculated with E. faecalis and Group II with C. albicans and incubated for 3 days. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups based on the type of irrigant used. Group IA, IIA, 5.25% NaOCl; Group IB, IIB, 2% CHX; Group IC, IIC, QMix™ 2 in 1; and Group ID, IID, 0.9% saline (the control group). Ten microliters of the sample from each canal was taken and was placed on Brain Heart Infusion agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and colony forming units (CFUs) that were grown were counted. Data was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Games-Howell test.

          Results:

          The greatest antimicrobial effects were observed in samples treated with QMix™ 2 in 1 ( P < 0.001). No statistical significant difference was found between 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX ( P > 0.001) against E. faecalis and C. albicans.

          Conclusion:

          QMix™ 2 in 1 demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans.

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          Most cited references26

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          Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules.

          M Haapasalo, D Orstavik (1990)
          The effect of endodontic irrigants and dressings was tested on bacteria in bovine dentin specimens experimentally infected with Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Standardized, cylindrical dentin test pieces were prepared and cleaned by ultrasonic treatment with EDTA and sodium hypochlorite. The specimens were infected with the test organism for periods up to 14 days, and the degree of infection into the tubules was monitored using Brown & Brenn stain, scanning electron microscopy, and culturing of dentin dust from sequential bur samples starting from the pulpal side. E. faecalis rapidly infected the whole length of the tubules; S. sanguis required up to 2 weeks for complete infection; E. coli only penetrated to some 600 microns, even after prolonged incubation periods. P. aeruginosa infected dentin quickly, but apparently in very low numbers. E. faecalis persisted for at least 10 d after withdrawal of nutrient support, whereas the other 3 organisms died within 4 to 48 h. Endodontic medicaments were applied to infected specimen for comparison of antibacterial potency. Camphorated p-monochlorophenol was generally more efficient than Calasept, and of the irrigants tested, iodine potassium iodide appeared more potent than sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine. The presence of a smear layer delayed, but did not eliminate, the effect of the medicaments.
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            Antimicrobial activity of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate separately and combined, as endodontic irrigants.

            J Kuruvilla, M. P. Kamath (1998)
            Sodium hypochlorite irrigant is known to be toxic to periapical tissues. Chlorhexidine gluconate, a safer and effective antimicrobial irrigant, is not known to dissolve pulpal tissues. To obtain their optimal properties, their combined action within the root canal was evaluated. Ten single rooted nonvital anterior teeth were irrigated using either 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alone, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate alone, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate combined within the root canal, or 0.9% saline, respectively. Microbiological samples for culture and Gram's staining were taken before and proceeding irrigation. This study indicates that the use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate combined within the root canal resulted in the greatest percentage reduction of postirrigant positive cultures. This may be due to formation of "chlorhexidine chloride," which increases the ionizing capacity of the chlorhexidine molecule. This reduction was significant compared to use of sodium hypochlorite alone but not significant compared to use of chlorhexidine gluconate alone.
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              Effectiveness of endodontic disinfecting solutions against young and old Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in dentin canals.

              Zhejun Wang, Ya Shen, Markus Haapasalo (2012)
              Enterococcus faecalis is a species commonly isolated from persistent root canal infections. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial effects of different disinfecting solutions on young and old E. faecalis biofilms in dentin canals using a novel dentin infection model and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The bacteria were introduced into the dentinal tubules by centrifugation. After 1 day and 3 weeks of incubation, 40 infected dentin specimens were subjected to 1 and 3 minutes of exposure to disinfecting solutions, which included 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (EMD Chemicals Inc, Darmstadt, Germany), 6% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO), and QMiX (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK). The proportions of dead and live bacteria inside the dentinal tubules after exposure to these disinfectants were assessed by CLSM using a LIVE/DEAD bacterial viability stain. Significantly fewer bacteria were killed in the 3-week-old dentin biofilm than in the 1-day-old biofilm. Three minutes of exposure resulted in more dead bacteria than 1 minute of exposure for both biofilms in all experimental groups (P < .05). Six percent NaOCl and QMiX were the most effective disinfecting solutions against the young biofilm, whereas against the 3-week-old biofilm, 6% NaOCl was the most effective followed by QMiX. Two percent NaOCl was equally effective as 2% CHX. All the disinfecting agents killed significantly more bacteria than the sterile water used as a negative control (P < .05). Within dentin canals, bacteria in established biofilms are less easily killed by endodontic medicaments than bacteria in young biofilms. Copyright © 2012 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Conserv Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Conserv Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JCD
                Title: Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0972-0707
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-5203
                Publication date (Print): Mar-Apr 2015
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 128-131
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh, India
                [1 ]Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Veeramachaneni Chandrasekhar, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mamata Dental College, Khammam - 507 002, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail: vcs_1818@ 123456yahoo.co.in
                Article
                Publisher ID: JCD-18-128
                DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.153067
                PMC ID: 4379652
                PubMed ID: 25829691
                SO-VID: 687230d3-6f37-4169-b9c4-edd8937427bd
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Conservative Dentistry
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 17 September 2013
                Date revision received : 19 December 2014
                Date accepted : 02 January 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: candida albicans,chlorhexidine,enterococcus faecalis,qmix™ 2 in 1,sodium hypochlorite
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: candida albicans, chlorhexidine, enterococcus faecalis, qmix™ 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite

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